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school_essays/essays/20th_Century_American_Prisons.html
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<div title="header">
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<p align="left" style="margin-bottom: 0.2in; line-height: 100%">20<sup>th</sup>
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Century <sdfield type=PAGE subtype=RANDOM format=PAGE>0</sdfield></p>
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<p align="center" style="margin-bottom: 0in; line-height: 200%"><font face="Times New Roman, serif">20<sup>th</sup>
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Century American Prisons </font>
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</p>
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<p align="center" style="margin-bottom: 0in; line-height: 200%"><font face="Times New Roman, serif">Joseph
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J. Green</font></p>
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<p align="center" style="margin-bottom: 0in; line-height: 200%"><font face="Times New Roman, serif">Northern
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Arizona University</font></p>
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<p align="center" style="margin-bottom: 0in; line-height: 200%"><br/>
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</p>
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<p align="left" style="margin-bottom: 0in; line-height: 200%; page-break-before: always">
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<font face="Times New Roman, serif"> Throughout the 20<sup>th</sup>
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century there were many reforms to the American prison system. We
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will take a look at some of the architecture, prisoner programs, and
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key developments grouped into three sections, the early, mid, and
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late 20<sup>th</sup> century. We will also take a focus on racial
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disparity and female inmates throughout these periods. As we will
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see, it appears that the American focus on its prison systems seems
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to shift over time, in an almost cyclical way with American attitudes
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towards crime and prisoners.</font></p>
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<p align="left" style="margin-bottom: 0in; line-height: 200%"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><b>Early
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20<sup>st</sup> Century</b></font></p>
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<p align="left" style="margin-bottom: 0in; line-height: 200%"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><b> </b><span style="font-weight: normal">In
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the first third of the 20</span><sup><span style="font-weight: normal">th</span></sup><span style="font-weight: normal">
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century, the focus on penance that was started by the Quakers with
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the Pennsylvania prisons (</span><span style="font-weight: normal">Liberal
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Arts Competency, 2015)</span><span style="font-weight: normal">, was
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starting to come to an end. Instead, there was a rise on the focus of
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individual treatment, educational programs, such as elementary
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teachers being present, vocational programs, early release programs,
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and indeterminate sentences (Schoenherr, 2009). </span><span style="font-weight: normal">All
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of these programs were designed to encourage prisoners be valuable
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members to society upon release, instead of simply giving people time
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to think about what they did and repent.</span></font></p>
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<p align="left" style="margin-bottom: 0in; line-height: 200%"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><span style="font-weight: normal"> Prison
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architecture </span><span style="font-weight: normal">i</span><span style="font-weight: normal">n
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the south, often took the form of prison camps where prisoners were
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contracted out to plantation owners. Penitentiaries were rather
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unpopular in the south, as they had a preference for local, rather
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than state, justice, but remained popular in the north. </span><span style="font-weight: normal">The
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north now</span><span style="font-weight: normal"> </span><span style="font-weight: normal">i</span><span style="font-weight: normal">nclud</span><span style="font-weight: normal">ed</span><span style="font-weight: normal">
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some “big houses” which were prisons capable of holding more than
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2500 inmates </span><span style="font-weight: normal">(Liberal Arts
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Competency, 2015)</span><span style="font-weight: normal">. </span><span style="font-weight: normal">In
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these prison systems there was a very real racial disparity, </span><span style="font-weight: normal">which
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we shall see continue</span><span style="font-weight: normal">.
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Blacks in the United states comprised of about 9% of the total
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American adult population, yet they made up about 31% of the total
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prison population </span><span style="font-weight: normal">(Liberal
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Arts Competency, 2015)</span><span style="font-weight: normal">.</span></font></p>
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<p align="left" style="margin-bottom: 0in; line-height: 200%"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><span style="font-weight: normal"> </span><span style="font-weight: normal">This
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era saw several key developments to the prison systems. There was a
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push for having separate prisons for adults, children, and females
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within the prison system </span><span style="font-weight: normal">(Schoenherr,
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2009)</span><span style="font-weight: normal">. </span><span style="font-weight: normal">This
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also saw to the development of the juvenile court systems
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</span><span style="font-weight: normal">(Schoenherr, 2009)</span><span style="font-weight: normal">.
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</span><span style="font-weight: normal">However, male prisoners were
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seen as more valuable </span><span style="font-weight: normal">than</span><span style="font-weight: normal">
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the women </span><span style="font-weight: normal">who </span><span style="font-weight: normal">were
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put to work for domestic chores which didn’t contribute much to the
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prison systems, while the men worked on farms in the south, or built
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goods for public sale in the north </span><span style="font-weight: normal">(Liberal
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Arts Competency, 2015)</span><span style="font-weight: normal">.</span></font></p>
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<p align="left" style="margin-bottom: 0in; line-height: 200%"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"> By
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the end of the first third of the 20<sup>th</sup> century, there was
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a major move to end contract prison labor <span style="font-weight: normal">(Schoenherr,
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2009)</span>. It was seen as giving unfair competition to certain
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businesses, and eventually resulted in the north ending the contract
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system that led to the sale of goods to the public, but the creation
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of a system that the prisoners could make goods in which the states
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buy, such as license plates <span style="font-weight: normal">(Liberal
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Arts Competency, 2015)</span>. In the south the states decided to
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start buying up their own plantations to put the prisoners to work,
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as opposed to contracting them out. </font>
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</p>
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<p align="left" style="margin-bottom: 0in; line-height: 200%"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><b>Mid
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20<sup>th</sup> Century</b></font></p>
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<p align="left" style="margin-bottom: 0in; line-height: 200%"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><b> </b><span style="font-weight: normal">The
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middle of the century brought some welcome changes for prisoners. </span><span style="font-weight: normal">T</span><span style="font-weight: normal">he
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“Hands Off Doctrine” finally came to an end (Maloney, n.d.). This
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doctrine meant that prisoners were essentially slaves to the state.
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The doctrine stopped the judicial </span><span style="font-weight: normal">branch</span><span style="font-weight: normal">
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from interfering with state prison programs. </span><span style="font-weight: normal">A</span><span style="font-weight: normal">fter
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it was repealed, there was a huge demand from the prison population
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for more rights,. </span><span style="font-weight: normal">E</span><span style="font-weight: normal">ventually,
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the supreme court began to grant constitutional protections to
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prisoners </span><span style="font-weight: normal">(Liberal Arts
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Competency, 2015)</span><span style="font-weight: normal">.</span></font></p>
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<p align="left" style="margin-bottom: 0in; line-height: 200%"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><span style="font-weight: normal"> This
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era saw a return to a focus on rehabilitation for prisoners (Campers,
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2012). Prisons began to focus on bringing back education, vocational
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rehab, and the like (Campers, 2012), after focus on such things were
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lost for a while when the prisons became overcrowded </span><span style="font-weight: normal">(Liberal
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Arts Competency, 2015)</span><span style="font-weight: normal">. </span><span style="font-weight: normal">An
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interest in prisoner rights was also bolstered by the c</span><span style="font-weight: normal">ivil
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rights movement </span><span style="font-weight: normal">(Liberal
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Arts Competency, 2015)</span><span style="font-weight: normal">.
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Diagnosis was added to programs designed to help prisoners, as crime
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began to be seen as more of a</span><span style="font-weight: normal">n
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act of</span><span style="font-weight: normal"> sickness than willful
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</span><span style="font-weight: normal">crime</span><span style="font-weight: normal">
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</span><span style="font-weight: normal">(Liberal Arts Competency,
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2015)</span><span style="font-weight: normal">. </span><span style="font-weight: normal">However,
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in 1974, Robert Martinson came to the conclusion that “nothing
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works” when it comes to rehabilitating people. He came to the
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conclusion that no one treatment reduced rates of prisoners returning
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to the system after release </span><span style="font-weight: normal">(Campers,
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2012)</span><span style="font-weight: normal">. These findings
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ultimately lead to a loss of funding for prisoner rehabilitation
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programs </span><span style="font-weight: normal">(Liberal Arts
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Competency, 2015)</span><span style="font-weight: normal">. </span></font>
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</p>
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<p align="left" style="margin-bottom: 0in; line-height: 200%"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><span style="font-weight: normal"> Prison
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architecture didn’t change too radically by this point. Most
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southern states did have at least one central penitentiary </span><span style="font-weight: normal">now</span><span style="font-weight: normal">,
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but most prisoners were still working on large prison plantation
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farms </span><span style="font-weight: normal">(Liberal Arts
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Competency, 2015)</span><span style="font-weight: normal">. However,
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there was a new prison design called the “Telephone pole prison”
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which began to flourish </span><span style="font-weight: normal">(Liberal
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Arts Competency, 2015)</span>.</font></p>
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<p align="left" style="margin-bottom: 0in; line-height: 200%"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"> Women
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began to receive increased equality in prisons, such as having
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similar vocational and treatment programs as did the males <span style="font-weight: normal">(Liberal
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Arts Competency, 2015)</span>. During this time, prisons were
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beginning to see less foreign born Caucasians enter the prison system
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<span style="font-weight: normal">(Liberal Arts Competency, 2015)</span>,
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but had an increase of blacks,. Hispanics, and Native Americans
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<span style="font-weight: normal">(Liberal Arts Competency, 2015)</span>.</font></p>
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<p align="left" style="margin-bottom: 0in; line-height: 200%"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><b>19</b><sup><b>th</b></sup><b>
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Century to Current</b></font></p>
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<p align="left" style="margin-bottom: 0in; line-height: 200%"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><b> </b><span style="font-weight: normal">Next
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we find American returning to the theory that crimes are a choice,
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not a sickness, and rehabilitation falls out of favor, largely thanks
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to Martinson’s findings </span><span style="font-weight: normal">(Liberal
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Arts Competency, 2015)</span><span style="font-weight: normal">. A
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r</span>eliance on imprisoning serious offenders became the way to
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protect society <span style="font-weight: normal">(Liberal Arts
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Competency, 2015)</span>. </font>
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</p>
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<p align="left" style="margin-bottom: 0in; line-height: 200%"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"> In
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this age we find less use for work camps and focus more on putting
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people into central holding facilities. Bigger more secure prisons
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are created for federal, and some state, criminals <span style="font-weight: normal">(Liberal
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Arts Competency, 2015)</span>. There is a greater recognition in the
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differences between men and women, and treatment programs and
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sentencing grows to reflect this. Women are often considered to be a
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lower risk to the public, so it is believed that women should have a
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greater consideration for community-based sentences <span style="font-weight: normal">(Liberal
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Arts Competency, 2015)</span>. Blacks continue to be on the rise in
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prisons. At this time, Blacks comprised about 12% of the national
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population, yet more than 40% of the total prison population.</font></p>
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<p align="left" style="margin-bottom: 0in; line-height: 200%"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"> One
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key development of this era was the idea of retribution for victims,
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instead of just fines to the state or jail time, gets increased
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attention. This is good, but there is also an increased focus on
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being tougher on crime and the start of the war on drugs. Drug
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related crimes get increased punishment and mandatory minimum
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sentences are introduced, which leads to an increase of prisoners,
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and an increase in prisoners leads to the need for more prisons, or a
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revaluation on sentencing laws.</font></p>
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<p align="left" style="margin-bottom: 0in; line-height: 200%"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><b>Conclusion</b></font></p>
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<p align="left" style="margin-bottom: 0in; line-height: 200%"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"> As
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we can see, the prison systems evolve over time. We went from
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contract and forced labor of the early 20<sup>th</sup> century, to
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having better rehabilitative programs for a while and increased
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rights, to the modern day when rehabilitative programs are less
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favorable and an increased desire to imprison more people and for
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longer sentences takes over.</font></p>
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<p align="left" style="margin-bottom: 0in; line-height: 200%"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"> This
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is quite clearly a pattern. We start with trying to save souls prior
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to the 20<sup>th</sup> century which evolves into trying to
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rehabilitate people, to an overcrowding relapse, and eventually more
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rights and treatment, until we find ourselves back at just throwing
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people in prison with no real hope and overcrowding happens once
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again. We are due for increased focus on rehabilitating prisoners,
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and we must do something about overcrowding. The solution of building
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more prisons doesn’t help the situation. It leads to an
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embarrassment for the United States as the prison population grows
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out of control. We do, however, see an interest in the
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decriminalization of drugs in the United States, particularly
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regarding marijuana (Governing.com, 2018). Ending the war on drugs is
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a clear step in the right direction to lowering our prison
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population. As of 2016, 47% (81,900) of federal prisoners were
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serving time for a drug offense, and as of 2015, 15% (197,200) of
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state prisoners were serving time with a drug offense being their
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most severe offense (Drug War Facts, 2018). That’s a lot of people
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being forced into the prison system due to the war on drugs, the
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clear path to reducing prisoners is to reduce crimes related to
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possession. It is clear that it is time for legal reform in order to
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reduce the prison population. However, it is not clear that these
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laws will change soon, but it is time for a general focus back onto
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rehabilitation of prisoners and the prevention of relapse.</font></p>
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<p align="left" style="margin-bottom: 0in; line-height: 200%"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"> </font></p>
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<p align="left" style="margin-bottom: 0in; line-height: 200%; page-break-before: always">
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<br/>
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</p>
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<p align="center" style="margin-bottom: 0in; line-height: 200%"><font face="Times New Roman, serif">RESOURCES</font></p>
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<p style="margin-left: 0.2in; text-indent: -0.2in; margin-bottom: 0.08in; font-variant: normal; letter-spacing: normal; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal">
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<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman">Campers, S.
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(2012). <i>A Failing Correctional System: State Prison
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Overcrowding in the United States</i>. [online]
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Digitalcommons.salve.edu. Available at:
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https://digitalcommons.salve.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?referer=&httpsredir=1&article=1079&context=pell_theses
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[Accessed 8 Apr. 2018].</font></font></p>
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<p style="margin-left: 0.2in; text-indent: -0.2in; margin-bottom: 0.08in; font-variant: normal; letter-spacing: normal; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal">
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<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman">Drug War Facts.
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(2018). <i>Number Of People Serving Time For Drug, Violent,
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Property, and Other Offenses In US Prisons</i>. [online] Available
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at: http://www.drugwarfacts.org/node/2645 [Accessed 8 Apr. 2018].</font></font></p>
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<p style="margin-left: 0.2in; text-indent: -0.2in; margin-bottom: 0.08in; font-variant: normal; letter-spacing: normal; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal">
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<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman">Governing.com.
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(2018). <i>State Marijuana Laws in 2018 Map</i>. [online]
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Available at:
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http://www.governing.com/gov-data/state-marijuana-laws-map-medical-recreational.html
|
||||||
|
[Accessed 8 Apr. 2018].</font></font></p>
|
||||||
|
<p style="margin-left: 0.2in; text-indent: -0.2in; margin-bottom: 0.08in; font-variant: normal; letter-spacing: normal; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal">
|
||||||
|
<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman">Liberal Arts
|
||||||
|
Competency 115 Objective 1 Lesson 1. (2015). Pearson Learning
|
||||||
|
Solutions, pp.34-53.</font></font></p>
|
||||||
|
<p style="margin-left: 0.2in; text-indent: -0.2in; margin-bottom: 0.08in; font-variant: normal; letter-spacing: normal; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal">
|
||||||
|
<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman">Maloney, T.
|
||||||
|
(n.d.). <i>RIGHTS OF DETAINEES AND PRISONERS IN THE UNITED
|
||||||
|
STATES</i>. [online] Law.ufl.edu. Available at:
|
||||||
|
https://www.law.ufl.edu/_pdf/academics/centers/cgr/11th_conference/Tim_Maloney_Rights_of_Detainees.pdf
|
||||||
|
[Accessed 8 Apr. 2018].</font></font></p>
|
||||||
|
<p style="margin-left: 0.2in; text-indent: -0.2in; margin-bottom: 0.08in; font-variant: normal; letter-spacing: normal; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal">
|
||||||
|
<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman">Schoenherr, S.
|
||||||
|
(2009). <i>Prison Reforms in American History</i>. [online]
|
||||||
|
History.sandiego.edu. Available at:
|
||||||
|
http://history.sandiego.edu/gen/soc/prison.html [Accessed 8 Apr.
|
||||||
|
2018].</font></font></p>
|
||||||
|
<p align="left" style="margin-bottom: 0in; line-height: 200%"><br/>
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<p align="center" style="margin-bottom: 0in; line-height: 200%"><font face="Times New Roman, serif">Sub
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Title</font></p>
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<p align="center" style="margin-bottom: 0in; line-height: 200%"><font face="Times New Roman, serif">Joseph
|
||||||
|
J. Green</font></p>
|
||||||
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<p align="center" style="margin-bottom: 0in; line-height: 200%"><font face="Times New Roman, serif">Northern
|
||||||
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Arizona University</font></p>
|
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<p align="center" style="margin-bottom: 0in; line-height: 200%"><br/>
|
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<br/>
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||||||
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</p>
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<p align="left" style="margin-bottom: 0in; line-height: 200%"><font face="Times New Roman, serif">Explain
|
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|
the key features of corrections in 20th century America in an essay.
|
||||||
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In your discussion of the evolving corrections system, include
|
||||||
|
details about prison programs, prison architecture, female offenders,
|
||||||
|
racial disparities, and key developments during the early, mid, and
|
||||||
|
late century. At the end of your essay, make a prediction about how
|
||||||
|
corrections will change in America through the 21st century. </font>
|
||||||
|
</p>
|
||||||
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<p align="left" style="margin-bottom: 0in; line-height: 200%"><br/>
|
||||||
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||||||
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</p>
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<p align="left" style="margin-bottom: 0in; line-height: 200%"><br/>
|
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|
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</p>
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<p align="left" style="margin-bottom: 0in; line-height: 200%"><br/>
|
||||||
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|
||||||
|
</p>
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||||||
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<p align="left" style="margin-bottom: 0in; line-height: 200%"><br/>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
</p>
|
||||||
|
<p align="left" style="margin-bottom: 0in; line-height: 200%"><font face="Times New Roman, serif">Intro</font></p>
|
||||||
|
<p align="left" style="margin-bottom: 0in; line-height: 200%"><font face="Times New Roman, serif">1
|
||||||
|
Early 21<sup>st</sup> centry</font></p>
|
||||||
|
<p align="left" style="margin-bottom: 0in; line-height: 200%"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"> Reformatory
|
||||||
|
era ends in the early 20<sup>th</sup> centry 1910</font></p>
|
||||||
|
<p align="left" style="margin-bottom: 0in; line-height: 200%"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"> Focus
|
||||||
|
on punishment and future through educational and vocational programs</font></p>
|
||||||
|
<p align="left" style="margin-bottom: 0in; line-height: 200%"><font face="Times New Roman, serif">
|
||||||
|
Industrial era begins 1910</font></p>
|
||||||
|
<p align="left" style="margin-bottom: 0in; line-height: 200%"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"> Focus
|
||||||
|
on inmates to produce products that helps support the prision </font></p>
|
||||||
|
<p align="left" style="margin-bottom: 0in; line-height: 200%"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"> Prison
|
||||||
|
programs?</font></p>
|
||||||
|
<p align="left" style="margin-bottom: 0in; line-height: 200%"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"> Females?</font></p>
|
||||||
|
<p align="left" style="margin-bottom: 0in; line-height: 200%"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"> Racial
|
||||||
|
disparities?</font></p>
|
||||||
|
<p align="left" style="margin-bottom: 0in; line-height: 200%"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"> Developments?</font></p>
|
||||||
|
<p align="left" style="margin-bottom: 0in; line-height: 200%"><font face="Times New Roman, serif">2
|
||||||
|
Mid 21<sup>st</sup> century</font></p>
|
||||||
|
<p align="left" style="margin-bottom: 0in; line-height: 200%"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"> Industrial
|
||||||
|
era ends in 1935 due to laws</font></p>
|
||||||
|
<p align="left" style="margin-bottom: 0in; line-height: 200%"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"> transition
|
||||||
|
period through 1960</font></p>
|
||||||
|
<p align="left" style="margin-bottom: 0in; line-height: 200%"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"> riots</font></p>
|
||||||
|
<p align="left" style="margin-bottom: 0in; line-height: 200%"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"> Lack
|
||||||
|
of programs</font></p>
|
||||||
|
<p align="left" style="margin-bottom: 0in; line-height: 200%"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"> Hands
|
||||||
|
off doctrine</font></p>
|
||||||
|
<p align="left" style="margin-bottom: 0in; line-height: 200%"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"> 1960
|
||||||
|
Rehabilatative era begins</font></p>
|
||||||
|
<p align="left" style="margin-bottom: 0in; line-height: 200%"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"> Focus
|
||||||
|
on improvement of prison staff</font></p>
|
||||||
|
<p align="left" style="margin-bottom: 0in; line-height: 200%"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"> Focus
|
||||||
|
on criminals being “sick” and we just need to find a cure</font></p>
|
||||||
|
<p align="left" style="margin-bottom: 0in; line-height: 200%"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"> Martinson
|
||||||
|
realized that no one treatement reduced rates of prisoners returning
|
||||||
|
to the system after being released</font></p>
|
||||||
|
<p align="left" style="margin-bottom: 0in; line-height: 200%"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"> Funding
|
||||||
|
is lost.</font></p>
|
||||||
|
<p align="left" style="margin-bottom: 0in; line-height: 200%"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"> programs/racial/femail/development</font></p>
|
||||||
|
<p align="left" style="margin-bottom: 0in; line-height: 200%"><font face="Times New Roman, serif">3
|
||||||
|
Late 19<sup>th</sup> century to current</font></p>
|
||||||
|
<p align="left" style="margin-bottom: 0in; line-height: 200%"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"> Rehabilatative
|
||||||
|
era ends in 1980 with the start of the retributive era</font></p>
|
||||||
|
<p align="left" style="margin-bottom: 0in; line-height: 200%"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"> Return
|
||||||
|
to the theory that crimes are a choice, not a sickness</font></p>
|
||||||
|
<p align="left" style="margin-bottom: 0in; line-height: 200%"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"> Focus
|
||||||
|
on being tougher on crime</font></p>
|
||||||
|
<p align="left" style="margin-bottom: 0in; line-height: 200%"><font face="Times New Roman, serif">5
|
||||||
|
Conclusion</font></p>
|
||||||
|
<p align="left" style="margin-bottom: 0in; line-height: 200%"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"> Seems
|
||||||
|
to be the start of a patern. We started with focusing on punishment,
|
||||||
|
and ended with focusing on punishment. Soon, the focus, if the patter
|
||||||
|
repeats, will return to focusing on helping criminals.</font></p>
|
||||||
|
<p align="left" style="margin-bottom: 0in; line-height: 200%"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"> Prisons
|
||||||
|
will become better for inmates</font></p>
|
||||||
|
<p align="left" style="margin-bottom: 0in; line-height: 200%"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"> People
|
||||||
|
believe that harsh conditions makes for worse people</font></p>
|
||||||
|
<p align="left" style="margin-bottom: 0in; line-height: 200%"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"> Overcrowding
|
||||||
|
will be a major interest</font></p>
|
||||||
|
<p align="left" style="margin-bottom: 0in; line-height: 200%"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"> Reflects
|
||||||
|
poorly on the United States to have such a huge percapita prisoner
|
||||||
|
count</font></p>
|
||||||
|
<p align="left" style="margin-bottom: 0in; line-height: 200%"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"> Drug
|
||||||
|
crimes will be lessoned (they already have in many states)</font></p>
|
||||||
|
<p align="left" style="margin-bottom: 0in; line-height: 200%"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"> Prison
|
||||||
|
terms sentanced will remain high. People want prisoners to stay in
|
||||||
|
prison. Still in the retributive era where we are tough on crime.</font></p>
|
||||||
|
<p align="left" style="margin-bottom: 0in; line-height: 200%"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"> </font></p>
|
||||||
|
<p align="left" style="margin-bottom: 0in; line-height: 200%"><font face="Times New Roman, serif">outro</font></p>
|
||||||
|
<p align="left" style="margin-bottom: 0in; line-height: 200%"><br/>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
</p>
|
||||||
|
<p align="left" style="margin-bottom: 0in; line-height: 200%"><font face="Times New Roman, serif">Compare
|
||||||
|
and contrast the Pennsylvania and Auburn prison systems in terms of
|
||||||
|
their architecture, orienting strategies, and
|
||||||
|
advantages/disadvantages. </font>
|
||||||
|
</p>
|
||||||
|
<p align="left" style="margin-bottom: 0in; line-height: 200%"><br/>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
</p>
|
||||||
|
<p align="left" style="margin-bottom: 0in; line-height: 200%"><font face="Times New Roman, serif">POSSIBLE
|
||||||
|
BELOW</font></p>
|
||||||
|
<p align="left" style="margin-bottom: 0in; line-height: 200%"><font face="Times New Roman, serif">Intro</font></p>
|
||||||
|
<p align="left" style="margin-bottom: 0in; line-height: 200%"><font face="Times New Roman, serif">1 Architecture</font></p>
|
||||||
|
<p align="left" style="margin-bottom: 0in; line-height: 200%"><font face="Times New Roman, serif">2 Orienting
|
||||||
|
stategies</font></p>
|
||||||
|
<p align="left" style="margin-bottom: 0in; line-height: 200%"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"> PA
|
||||||
|
– direct towards self reflection</font></p>
|
||||||
|
<p align="left" style="margin-bottom: 0in; line-height: 200%"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"> Soul
|
||||||
|
saving quakers</font></p>
|
||||||
|
<p align="left" style="margin-bottom: 0in; line-height: 200%"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"> NY
|
||||||
|
– direct towards </font>
|
||||||
|
</p>
|
||||||
|
<p align="left" style="margin-bottom: 0in; line-height: 200%"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"> Economy
|
||||||
|
saving laborers</font></p>
|
||||||
|
<p align="left" style="margin-bottom: 0in; line-height: 200%"><font face="Times New Roman, serif">3 Adv/disadv</font></p>
|
||||||
|
<p align="left" style="margin-bottom: 0in; line-height: 200%"><font face="Times New Roman, serif">outro</font></p>
|
||||||
|
<p align="left" style="margin-bottom: 0in; line-height: 200%"><br/>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
</p>
|
||||||
|
<p align="left" style="margin-bottom: 0in; line-height: 200%"><br/>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
</p>
|
||||||
|
<p align="left" style="margin-bottom: 0in; line-height: 200%"><br/>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
</p>
|
||||||
|
<p align="left" style="margin-bottom: 0in; line-height: 200%"><br/>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
</p>
|
||||||
|
<p align="left" style="margin-bottom: 0in; line-height: 200%"><br/>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
</p>
|
||||||
|
<p align="left" style="margin-bottom: 0in; line-height: 200%"><br/>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
</p>
|
||||||
|
<p align="center" style="margin-bottom: 0in; line-height: 200%"><font face="Times New Roman, serif">RESOURCES</font></p>
|
||||||
|
</body>
|
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|
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<p align="center" style="margin-bottom: 0in; line-height: 200%"><font face="Times New Roman, serif">Title
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<p align="center" style="margin-bottom: 0in; line-height: 200%"><font face="Times New Roman, serif">Sub
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Title</font></p>
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||||||
|
<p align="center" style="margin-bottom: 0in; line-height: 200%"><font face="Times New Roman, serif">Joseph
|
||||||
|
J. Green</font></p>
|
||||||
|
<p align="center" style="margin-bottom: 0in; line-height: 200%"><font face="Times New Roman, serif">Northern
|
||||||
|
Arizona University</font></p>
|
||||||
|
<p align="center" style="margin-bottom: 0in; line-height: 200%"><br/>
|
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|
|
||||||
|
</p>
|
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|
<p align="left" style="margin-bottom: 0in; line-height: 200%; page-break-before: always">
|
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<br/>
|
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|
|
||||||
|
</p>
|
||||||
|
<p align="left" style="margin-bottom: 0in; line-height: 200%"><font face="Times New Roman, serif">Explain
|
||||||
|
the key features of corrections in 20th century America in an essay.
|
||||||
|
In your discussion of the evolving corrections system, include
|
||||||
|
details about prison programs, prison architecture, female offenders,
|
||||||
|
racial disparities, and key developments during the early, mid, and
|
||||||
|
late century. At the end of your essay, make a prediction about how
|
||||||
|
corrections will change in America through the 21st century. </font>
|
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|
</p>
|
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|
<p align="left" style="margin-bottom: 0in; line-height: 200%"><br/>
|
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|
|
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|
</p>
|
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|
<p align="left" style="margin-bottom: 0in; line-height: 200%"><br/>
|
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|
|
||||||
|
</p>
|
||||||
|
<p align="left" style="margin-bottom: 0in; line-height: 200%"><font face="Times New Roman, serif">Programs</font></p>
|
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|
<p align="left" style="margin-bottom: 0in; line-height: 200%"><font face="Times New Roman, serif">Architecture</font></p>
|
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|
<p align="left" style="margin-bottom: 0in; line-height: 200%"><font face="Times New Roman, serif">Female</font></p>
|
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|
<p align="left" style="margin-bottom: 0in; line-height: 200%"><font face="Times New Roman, serif">Racial</font></p>
|
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|
<p align="left" style="margin-bottom: 0in; line-height: 200%"><font face="Times New Roman, serif">Developments</font></p>
|
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|
<p align="left" style="margin-bottom: 0in; line-height: 200%"><br/>
|
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|
||||||
|
</p>
|
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|
<p align="left" style="margin-bottom: 0in; line-height: 200%"><font face="Times New Roman, serif">Intro</font></p>
|
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|
<p align="left" style="margin-bottom: 0in; line-height: 200%"><font face="Times New Roman, serif">1
|
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|
Early 21<sup>st</sup> centry</font></p>
|
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|
<p align="left" style="margin-bottom: 0in; line-height: 200%"><font face="Times New Roman, serif">Less
|
||||||
|
focus on penance, more focus on individual treatement, educational
|
||||||
|
programs, vocational programs, early release, indetermenant senteces.
|
||||||
|
(SANDEAGO)</font></p>
|
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|
<p align="left" style="margin-bottom: 0in; line-height: 200%"><br/>
|
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|
|
||||||
|
</p>
|
||||||
|
<p align="left" style="margin-bottom: 0in; line-height: 200%"><font face="Times New Roman, serif">Many
|
||||||
|
prison camps and farms dominate in the south, while the north favors
|
||||||
|
peniteneries (PEARSON)</font></p>
|
||||||
|
<p align="left" style="margin-bottom: 0in; line-height: 200%"><br/>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
</p>
|
||||||
|
<p align="left" style="margin-bottom: 0in; line-height: 200%"><font face="Times New Roman, serif">Pushed
|
||||||
|
for a seperation of adults, children, and females, within the prison
|
||||||
|
system (SANEASGO) Though women were usually put to domestic chores
|
||||||
|
which didn’t help support the prisons (PEARSON)</font></p>
|
||||||
|
<p align="left" style="margin-bottom: 0in; line-height: 200%"><br/>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
</p>
|
||||||
|
<p align="left" style="margin-bottom: 0in; line-height: 200%"><font face="Times New Roman, serif">Large
|
||||||
|
black poulation 9% of American adult pop and 31% of prison
|
||||||
|
pop(Pearson)</font></p>
|
||||||
|
<p align="left" style="margin-bottom: 0in; line-height: 200%"><br/>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
</p>
|
||||||
|
<p align="left" style="margin-bottom: 0in; line-height: 200%"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"> A
|
||||||
|
major objective was to end contract labor (SANDEAGO.EDU)</font></p>
|
||||||
|
<p align="left" style="margin-bottom: 0in; line-height: 200%"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"> 1887,
|
||||||
|
federal prisoners were not allowed to be used for contract labor,
|
||||||
|
lead to the establishment of the first federal prisons.
|
||||||
|
(SANDEAGO.EDU)</font></p>
|
||||||
|
<p align="left" style="margin-bottom: 0in; line-height: 200%"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"> Began
|
||||||
|
the juvinile cour system (SANDEAGO</font></p>
|
||||||
|
<p align="left" style="margin-bottom: 0in; line-height: 200%"><br/>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
</p>
|
||||||
|
<p align="left" style="margin-bottom: 0in; line-height: 200%"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"> Focus
|
||||||
|
on inmates to produce products that helps support the prision
|
||||||
|
systems. The unpopular contract labor system was changed over to
|
||||||
|
labor for the state, such as for licensens plates. Prison industry
|
||||||
|
declines (PEARSON)</font></p>
|
||||||
|
<p align="left" style="margin-bottom: 0in; line-height: 200%"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"> </font></p>
|
||||||
|
<p align="left" style="margin-bottom: 0in; line-height: 200%"><font face="Times New Roman, serif">2
|
||||||
|
Mid 21<sup>st</sup> century</font></p>
|
||||||
|
<p align="left" style="margin-bottom: 0in; line-height: 200%"><font face="Times New Roman, serif">early riots
|
||||||
|
Lack of programs looking for better treatment(PEARSON)</font></p>
|
||||||
|
<p align="left" style="margin-bottom: 0in; line-height: 200%"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"> 1940s
|
||||||
|
saw a return to Rehabilatative era begins (SALVE)</font></p>
|
||||||
|
<p align="left" style="margin-bottom: 0in; line-height: 200%"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"> focuse
|
||||||
|
on education, vocation, etc… (SALVE)</font></p>
|
||||||
|
<p align="left" style="margin-bottom: 0in; line-height: 200%"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"> Diagnosis
|
||||||
|
is added to programs helping to rehibilitate prisoners (PEARSON)</font></p>
|
||||||
|
<p align="left" style="margin-bottom: 0in; line-height: 200%"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"> Martinson
|
||||||
|
realized that no one treatement reduced rates of prisoners returning
|
||||||
|
to the system after being released (SALVE)</font></p>
|
||||||
|
<p align="left" style="margin-bottom: 0in; line-height: 200%"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"> Funding
|
||||||
|
for prisoner treatment programs decline after Martinson’s findings
|
||||||
|
(PEARSON)</font></p>
|
||||||
|
<p align="left" style="margin-bottom: 0in; line-height: 200%"><br/>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
</p>
|
||||||
|
<p align="left" style="margin-bottom: 0in; line-height: 200%"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"> Most
|
||||||
|
southern states had at least one central penitentiary, most prisoners
|
||||||
|
still on large prison farms. (PEARSON)</font></p>
|
||||||
|
<p align="left" style="margin-bottom: 0in; line-height: 200%"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"> Telephone
|
||||||
|
pole prison design flourished (pearson)</font></p>
|
||||||
|
<p align="left" style="margin-bottom: 0in; line-height: 200%"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"> </font></p>
|
||||||
|
<p align="left" style="margin-bottom: 0in; line-height: 200%"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"> Increase
|
||||||
|
in women equality in areas such as having similar vocational and
|
||||||
|
treatment programs (PEARSON).</font></p>
|
||||||
|
<p align="left" style="margin-bottom: 0in; line-height: 200%"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"> Less
|
||||||
|
Foreign-born caucasian immigrants in prisons. Increase in blacks,
|
||||||
|
hispanics, and natives. (PEARSON)</font></p>
|
||||||
|
<p align="left" style="margin-bottom: 0in; line-height: 200%"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"> </font></p>
|
||||||
|
<p align="left" style="margin-bottom: 0in; line-height: 200%"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"> Eary
|
||||||
|
20<sup>th</sup> century Hands off doctrine ended (UFL.EDU) –
|
||||||
|
Basically meant that prisoners are slaves to the state. Protected
|
||||||
|
states from judical condemation. When this was repealed, a huge
|
||||||
|
demand for prisoner rights ensued. Supreme court began to give
|
||||||
|
constitutional protects to prisoners.</font></p>
|
||||||
|
<p align="left" style="margin-bottom: 0in; line-height: 200%"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"> Civil
|
||||||
|
rights movement included an interest in prisoners (PEARSON)</font></p>
|
||||||
|
<p align="left" style="margin-bottom: 0in; line-height: 200%"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"> </font></p>
|
||||||
|
<p align="left" style="margin-bottom: 0in; line-height: 200%"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"> </font></p>
|
||||||
|
<p align="left" style="margin-bottom: 0in; line-height: 200%"><font face="Times New Roman, serif">3
|
||||||
|
Late 19<sup>th</sup> century to current</font></p>
|
||||||
|
<p align="left" style="margin-bottom: 0in; line-height: 200%"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"> Return
|
||||||
|
to the theory that crimes are a choice, not a sickness,
|
||||||
|
rehabilitation falls out of favor. Reliances on incapacitation to
|
||||||
|
warehouse serious offenders as a way to protect society. (PEARSON)</font></p>
|
||||||
|
<p align="left" style="margin-bottom: 0in; line-height: 200%"><br/>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
</p>
|
||||||
|
<p align="left" style="margin-bottom: 0in; line-height: 200%"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"> Bigger,
|
||||||
|
more secure prisons (PEARSON)</font></p>
|
||||||
|
<p align="left" style="margin-bottom: 0in; line-height: 200%"><font face="Times New Roman, serif">More
|
||||||
|
recognization that men and women are different. Different approaches
|
||||||
|
obtained. Women are considered lower risk to the public so should
|
||||||
|
have greater consideration for community-based sentences</font></p>
|
||||||
|
<p align="left" style="margin-bottom: 0in; line-height: 200%"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"> Blacks
|
||||||
|
comprise 12% of national population, but more than 40% of the prison
|
||||||
|
population</font></p>
|
||||||
|
<p align="left" style="margin-bottom: 0in; line-height: 200%"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"> Retribution
|
||||||
|
for victums gets increased attention (PEARSON)</font></p>
|
||||||
|
<p align="left" style="margin-bottom: 0in; line-height: 200%"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"> Focus
|
||||||
|
on being tougher on crime (PEARSON)</font></p>
|
||||||
|
<p align="left" style="margin-bottom: 0in; line-height: 200%"><font face="Times New Roman, serif">Mandatory
|
||||||
|
sentencing and increaed drug penalties leads to more prisons being
|
||||||
|
built, more prisoners, and over crowding (Pearson)</font></p>
|
||||||
|
<p align="left" style="margin-bottom: 0in; line-height: 200%"><br/>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
</p>
|
||||||
|
<p align="left" style="margin-bottom: 0in; line-height: 200%"><br/>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
</p>
|
||||||
|
<p align="left" style="margin-bottom: 0in; line-height: 200%"><font face="Times New Roman, serif">5
|
||||||
|
Conclusion</font></p>
|
||||||
|
<p align="left" style="margin-bottom: 0in; line-height: 200%"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"> Seems
|
||||||
|
to be the start of a patern. We started with focusing on punishment,
|
||||||
|
and ended with focusing on punishment. Soon, the focus, if the patter
|
||||||
|
repeats, will return to focusing on helping criminals.</font></p>
|
||||||
|
<p align="left" style="margin-bottom: 0in; line-height: 200%"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"> Prisons
|
||||||
|
will become better for inmates</font></p>
|
||||||
|
<p align="left" style="margin-bottom: 0in; line-height: 200%"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"> People
|
||||||
|
believe that harsh conditions makes for worse people</font></p>
|
||||||
|
<p align="left" style="margin-bottom: 0in; line-height: 200%"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"> Overcrowding
|
||||||
|
will be a major interest</font></p>
|
||||||
|
<p align="left" style="margin-bottom: 0in; line-height: 200%"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"> Reflects
|
||||||
|
poorly on the United States to have such a huge percapita prisoner
|
||||||
|
count</font></p>
|
||||||
|
<p align="left" style="margin-bottom: 0in; line-height: 200%"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"> Drug
|
||||||
|
crimes will be lessoned (they already have in many states)</font></p>
|
||||||
|
<p align="left" style="margin-bottom: 0in; line-height: 200%"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"> Prison
|
||||||
|
terms sentanced will remain high. People want prisoners to stay in
|
||||||
|
prison. Still in the retributive era where we are tough on crime.</font></p>
|
||||||
|
<p align="left" style="margin-bottom: 0in; line-height: 200%"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"> </font></p>
|
||||||
|
<p align="left" style="margin-bottom: 0in; line-height: 200%"><font face="Times New Roman, serif">outro</font></p>
|
||||||
|
<p align="left" style="margin-bottom: 0in; line-height: 200%"><br/>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
</p>
|
||||||
|
<p align="left" style="margin-bottom: 0in; line-height: 200%"><br/>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
</p>
|
||||||
|
<p align="left" style="margin-bottom: 0in; line-height: 200%"><br/>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
</p>
|
||||||
|
<p align="left" style="margin-bottom: 0in; line-height: 200%"><br/>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
</p>
|
||||||
|
<p align="left" style="margin-bottom: 0in; line-height: 200%"><br/>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
</p>
|
||||||
|
<p align="left" style="margin-bottom: 0in; line-height: 200%; page-break-before: always">
|
||||||
|
<br/>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
</p>
|
||||||
|
<p align="center" style="margin-bottom: 0in; line-height: 200%"><font face="Times New Roman, serif">RESOURCES</font></p>
|
||||||
|
<p align="left" style="margin-bottom: 0in; line-height: 200%"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><a href="http://history.sandiego.edu/gen/soc/prison.html">http://history.sandiego.edu/gen/soc/prison.html</a></font></p>
|
||||||
|
<p align="left" style="margin-bottom: 0in; line-height: 200%"><font face="Times New Roman, serif">PEARSON
|
||||||
|
BOOK</font></p>
|
||||||
|
<p align="left" style="margin-bottom: 0in; line-height: 200%"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><a href="https://www.law.ufl.edu/_pdf/academics/centers/cgr/11th_conference/Tim_Maloney_Rights_of_Detainees.pdf">https://www.law.ufl.edu/_pdf/academics/centers/cgr/11th_conference/Tim_Maloney_Rights_of_Detainees.pdf</a></font></p>
|
||||||
|
<p align="left" style="margin-bottom: 0in; line-height: 200%"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><a href="https://digitalcommons.salve.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?referer=&httpsredir=1&article=1079&context=pell_theses">https://digitalcommons.salve.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?referer=&httpsredir=1&article=1079&context=pell_theses</a></font></p>
|
||||||
|
<p align="left" style="margin-bottom: 0in; line-height: 200%"><br/>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
</p>
|
||||||
|
</body>
|
||||||
|
</html>
|
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|
||||||
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|
</P>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
<h3>Criminology</h3>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
<P>
|
||||||
|
20th Century American Prisons Notes2 [<a href="http://criticalsarcasm.com/school_essays/essays/20th_Century_American_Prisons_notes2.html">HTML</a>] [<a href="http://criticalsarcasm.com/school_essays/essays/20th_Century_American_Prisons_notes2.odt">ODT</a>]
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20th Century American Prisons [<a href="http://criticalsarcasm.com/school_essays/essays/20th_Century_American_Prisons.html">HTML</a>] [<a href="http://criticalsarcasm.com/school_essays/essays/20th_Century_American_Prisons.odt">ODT</a>]
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20th Century American Prisons Notes [<a href="http://criticalsarcasm.com/school_essays/essays/20th_Century_American_Prisons_notes.html">HTML</a>] [<a href="http://criticalsarcasm.com/school_essays/essays/20th_Century_American_Prisons_notes.odt">ODT</a>]
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Reference in New Issue
Block a user