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20th +Century American Prisons +
+Joseph +J. Green
+Northern +Arizona University
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+ Throughout the 20th +century there were many reforms to the American prison system. We +will take a look at some of the architecture, prisoner programs, and +key developments grouped into three sections, the early, mid, and +late 20th century. We will also take a focus on racial +disparity and female inmates throughout these periods. As we will +see, it appears that the American focus on its prison systems seems +to shift over time, in an almost cyclical way with American attitudes +towards crime and prisoners.
+Early +20st Century
+In +the first third of the 20th +century, the focus on penance that was started by the Quakers with +the Pennsylvania prisons (Liberal +Arts Competency, 2015), was +starting to come to an end. Instead, there was a rise on the focus of +individual treatment, educational programs, such as elementary +teachers being present, vocational programs, early release programs, +and indeterminate sentences (Schoenherr, 2009). All +of these programs were designed to encourage prisoners be valuable +members to society upon release, instead of simply giving people time +to think about what they did and repent.
+Prison +architecture in +the south, often took the form of prison camps where prisoners were +contracted out to plantation owners. Penitentiaries were rather +unpopular in the south, as they had a preference for local, rather +than state, justice, but remained popular in the north. The +north now included +some “big houses” which were prisons capable of holding more than +2500 inmates (Liberal Arts +Competency, 2015). In +these prison systems there was a very real racial disparity, which +we shall see continue. +Blacks in the United states comprised of about 9% of the total +American adult population, yet they made up about 31% of the total +prison population (Liberal +Arts Competency, 2015).
+This +era saw several key developments to the prison systems. There was a +push for having separate prisons for adults, children, and females +within the prison system (Schoenherr, +2009). This +also saw to the development of the juvenile court systems +(Schoenherr, 2009). +However, male prisoners were +seen as more valuable than +the women who were +put to work for domestic chores which didn’t contribute much to the +prison systems, while the men worked on farms in the south, or built +goods for public sale in the north (Liberal +Arts Competency, 2015).
+By +the end of the first third of the 20th century, there was +a major move to end contract prison labor (Schoenherr, +2009). It was seen as giving unfair competition to certain +businesses, and eventually resulted in the north ending the contract +system that led to the sale of goods to the public, but the creation +of a system that the prisoners could make goods in which the states +buy, such as license plates (Liberal +Arts Competency, 2015). In the south the states decided to +start buying up their own plantations to put the prisoners to work, +as opposed to contracting them out. +
+Mid +20th Century
+The +middle of the century brought some welcome changes for prisoners. The +“Hands Off Doctrine” finally came to an end (Maloney, n.d.). This +doctrine meant that prisoners were essentially slaves to the state. +The doctrine stopped the judicial branch +from interfering with state prison programs. After +it was repealed, there was a huge demand from the prison population +for more rights,. Eventually, +the supreme court began to grant constitutional protections to +prisoners (Liberal Arts +Competency, 2015).
+This +era saw a return to a focus on rehabilitation for prisoners (Campers, +2012). Prisons began to focus on bringing back education, vocational +rehab, and the like (Campers, 2012), after focus on such things were +lost for a while when the prisons became overcrowded (Liberal +Arts Competency, 2015). An +interest in prisoner rights was also bolstered by the civil +rights movement (Liberal +Arts Competency, 2015). +Diagnosis was added to programs designed to help prisoners, as crime +began to be seen as more of an +act of sickness than willful +crime +(Liberal Arts Competency, +2015). However, +in 1974, Robert Martinson came to the conclusion that “nothing +works” when it comes to rehabilitating people. He came to the +conclusion that no one treatment reduced rates of prisoners returning +to the system after release (Campers, +2012). These findings +ultimately lead to a loss of funding for prisoner rehabilitation +programs (Liberal Arts +Competency, 2015). +
+Prison +architecture didn’t change too radically by this point. Most +southern states did have at least one central penitentiary now, +but most prisoners were still working on large prison plantation +farms (Liberal Arts +Competency, 2015). However, +there was a new prison design called the “Telephone pole prison” +which began to flourish (Liberal +Arts Competency, 2015).
+Women +began to receive increased equality in prisons, such as having +similar vocational and treatment programs as did the males (Liberal +Arts Competency, 2015). During this time, prisons were +beginning to see less foreign born Caucasians enter the prison system +(Liberal Arts Competency, 2015), +but had an increase of blacks,. Hispanics, and Native Americans +(Liberal Arts Competency, 2015).
+19th +Century to Current
+Next +we find American returning to the theory that crimes are a choice, +not a sickness, and rehabilitation falls out of favor, largely thanks +to Martinson’s findings (Liberal +Arts Competency, 2015). A +reliance on imprisoning serious offenders became the way to +protect society (Liberal Arts +Competency, 2015). +
+In +this age we find less use for work camps and focus more on putting +people into central holding facilities. Bigger more secure prisons +are created for federal, and some state, criminals (Liberal +Arts Competency, 2015). There is a greater recognition in the +differences between men and women, and treatment programs and +sentencing grows to reflect this. Women are often considered to be a +lower risk to the public, so it is believed that women should have a +greater consideration for community-based sentences (Liberal +Arts Competency, 2015). Blacks continue to be on the rise in +prisons. At this time, Blacks comprised about 12% of the national +population, yet more than 40% of the total prison population.
+One +key development of this era was the idea of retribution for victims, +instead of just fines to the state or jail time, gets increased +attention. This is good, but there is also an increased focus on +being tougher on crime and the start of the war on drugs. Drug +related crimes get increased punishment and mandatory minimum +sentences are introduced, which leads to an increase of prisoners, +and an increase in prisoners leads to the need for more prisons, or a +revaluation on sentencing laws.
+Conclusion
+As +we can see, the prison systems evolve over time. We went from +contract and forced labor of the early 20th century, to +having better rehabilitative programs for a while and increased +rights, to the modern day when rehabilitative programs are less +favorable and an increased desire to imprison more people and for +longer sentences takes over.
+This +is quite clearly a pattern. We start with trying to save souls prior +to the 20th century which evolves into trying to +rehabilitate people, to an overcrowding relapse, and eventually more +rights and treatment, until we find ourselves back at just throwing +people in prison with no real hope and overcrowding happens once +again. We are due for increased focus on rehabilitating prisoners, +and we must do something about overcrowding. The solution of building +more prisons doesn’t help the situation. It leads to an +embarrassment for the United States as the prison population grows +out of control. We do, however, see an interest in the +decriminalization of drugs in the United States, particularly +regarding marijuana (Governing.com, 2018). Ending the war on drugs is +a clear step in the right direction to lowering our prison +population. As of 2016, 47% (81,900) of federal prisoners were +serving time for a drug offense, and as of 2015, 15% (197,200) of +state prisoners were serving time with a drug offense being their +most severe offense (Drug War Facts, 2018). That’s a lot of people +being forced into the prison system due to the war on drugs, the +clear path to reducing prisoners is to reduce crimes related to +possession. It is clear that it is time for legal reform in order to +reduce the prison population. However, it is not clear that these +laws will change soon, but it is time for a general focus back onto +rehabilitation of prisoners and the prevention of relapse.
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RESOURCES
++Campers, S. +(2012). A Failing Correctional System: State Prison +Overcrowding in the United States. [online] +Digitalcommons.salve.edu. Available at: +https://digitalcommons.salve.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?referer=&httpsredir=1&article=1079&context=pell_theses +[Accessed 8 Apr. 2018].
++Drug War Facts. +(2018). Number Of People Serving Time For Drug, Violent, +Property, and Other Offenses In US Prisons. [online] Available +at: http://www.drugwarfacts.org/node/2645 [Accessed 8 Apr. 2018].
++Governing.com. +(2018). State Marijuana Laws in 2018 Map. [online] +Available at: +http://www.governing.com/gov-data/state-marijuana-laws-map-medical-recreational.html +[Accessed 8 Apr. 2018].
++Liberal Arts +Competency 115 Objective 1 Lesson 1. (2015). Pearson Learning +Solutions, pp.34-53.
++Maloney, T. +(n.d.). RIGHTS OF DETAINEES AND PRISONERS IN THE UNITED +STATES. [online] Law.ufl.edu. Available at: +https://www.law.ufl.edu/_pdf/academics/centers/cgr/11th_conference/Tim_Maloney_Rights_of_Detainees.pdf +[Accessed 8 Apr. 2018].
++Schoenherr, S. +(2009). Prison Reforms in American History. [online] +History.sandiego.edu. Available at: +http://history.sandiego.edu/gen/soc/prison.html [Accessed 8 Apr. +2018].
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TITLE
+ OF PAPER
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Title +of Paper
+Sub +Title
+Joseph +J. Green
+Northern +Arizona University
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+
Explain +the key features of corrections in 20th century America in an essay. +In your discussion of the evolving corrections system, include +details about prison programs, prison architecture, female offenders, +racial disparities, and key developments during the early, mid, and +late century. At the end of your essay, make a prediction about how +corrections will change in America through the 21st century. +
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Intro
+1 +Early 21st centry
+Reformatory +era ends in the early 20th centry 1910
+Focus +on punishment and future through educational and vocational programs
++Industrial era begins 1910
+Focus +on inmates to produce products that helps support the prision
+Prison +programs?
+Females?
+Racial +disparities?
+Developments?
+2 +Mid 21st century
+Industrial +era ends in 1935 due to laws
+transition +period through 1960
+riots
+Lack +of programs
+Hands +off doctrine
+1960 + Rehabilatative era begins
+Focus +on improvement of prison staff
+Focus +on criminals being “sick” and we just need to find a cure
+Martinson +realized that no one treatement reduced rates of prisoners returning +to the system after being released
+Funding +is lost.
+programs/racial/femail/development
+3 +Late 19th century to current
+Rehabilatative +era ends in 1980 with the start of the retributive era
+Return +to the theory that crimes are a choice, not a sickness
+Focus +on being tougher on crime
+5 +Conclusion
+Seems +to be the start of a patern. We started with focusing on punishment, +and ended with focusing on punishment. Soon, the focus, if the patter +repeats, will return to focusing on helping criminals.
+Prisons +will become better for inmates
+People +believe that harsh conditions makes for worse people
+Overcrowding +will be a major interest
+Reflects +poorly on the United States to have such a huge percapita prisoner +count
+Drug +crimes will be lessoned (they already have in many states)
+Prison +terms sentanced will remain high. People want prisoners to stay in +prison. Still in the retributive era where we are tough on crime.
++
outro
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Compare +and contrast the Pennsylvania and Auburn prison systems in terms of +their architecture, orienting strategies, and +advantages/disadvantages. +
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POSSIBLE +BELOW
+Intro
+1 Architecture
+2 Orienting +stategies
+PA +– direct towards self reflection
+Soul +saving quakers
+NY +– direct towards +
+Economy +saving laborers
+3 Adv/disadv
+outro
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RESOURCES
+ + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/school_essays/essays/20th_Century_American_Prisons_notes.odt b/school_essays/essays/20th_Century_American_Prisons_notes.odt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..c360ca2 Binary files /dev/null and b/school_essays/essays/20th_Century_American_Prisons_notes.odt differ diff --git a/school_essays/essays/20th_Century_American_Prisons_notes2.html b/school_essays/essays/20th_Century_American_Prisons_notes2.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000..b50c3c1 --- /dev/null +++ b/school_essays/essays/20th_Century_American_Prisons_notes2.html @@ -0,0 +1,251 @@ + + + + +TITLE
+ OF PAPER
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Title +of Paper
+Sub +Title
+Joseph +J. Green
+Northern +Arizona University
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+
+
+
+
+
Explain +the key features of corrections in 20th century America in an essay. +In your discussion of the evolving corrections system, include +details about prison programs, prison architecture, female offenders, +racial disparities, and key developments during the early, mid, and +late century. At the end of your essay, make a prediction about how +corrections will change in America through the 21st century. +
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+
Programs
+Architecture
+Female
+Racial
+Developments
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+
+
Intro
+1 +Early 21st centry
+Less +focus on penance, more focus on individual treatement, educational +programs, vocational programs, early release, indetermenant senteces. +(SANDEAGO)
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Many +prison camps and farms dominate in the south, while the north favors +peniteneries (PEARSON)
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Pushed +for a seperation of adults, children, and females, within the prison +system (SANEASGO) Though women were usually put to domestic chores +which didn’t help support the prisons (PEARSON)
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Large +black poulation 9% of American adult pop and 31% of prison +pop(Pearson)
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A +major objective was to end contract labor (SANDEAGO.EDU)
+1887, +federal prisoners were not allowed to be used for contract labor, +lead to the establishment of the first federal prisons. +(SANDEAGO.EDU)
+Began +the juvinile cour system (SANDEAGO
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Focus +on inmates to produce products that helps support the prision +systems. The unpopular contract labor system was changed over to +labor for the state, such as for licensens plates. Prison industry +declines (PEARSON)
++
2 +Mid 21st century
+early riots +Lack of programs looking for better treatment(PEARSON)
+1940s +saw a return to Rehabilatative era begins (SALVE)
+focuse +on education, vocation, etc… (SALVE)
+Diagnosis +is added to programs helping to rehibilitate prisoners (PEARSON)
+Martinson +realized that no one treatement reduced rates of prisoners returning +to the system after being released (SALVE)
+Funding +for prisoner treatment programs decline after Martinson’s findings +(PEARSON)
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+
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Most +southern states had at least one central penitentiary, most prisoners +still on large prison farms. (PEARSON)
+Telephone +pole prison design flourished (pearson)
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Increase +in women equality in areas such as having similar vocational and +treatment programs (PEARSON).
+Less +Foreign-born caucasian immigrants in prisons. Increase in blacks, +hispanics, and natives. (PEARSON)
++
Eary +20th century Hands off doctrine ended (UFL.EDU) – +Basically meant that prisoners are slaves to the state. Protected +states from judical condemation. When this was repealed, a huge +demand for prisoner rights ensued. Supreme court began to give +constitutional protects to prisoners.
+Civil +rights movement included an interest in prisoners (PEARSON)
++
+
3 +Late 19th century to current
+Return +to the theory that crimes are a choice, not a sickness, +rehabilitation falls out of favor. Reliances on incapacitation to +warehouse serious offenders as a way to protect society. (PEARSON)
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Bigger, +more secure prisons (PEARSON)
+More +recognization that men and women are different. Different approaches +obtained. Women are considered lower risk to the public so should +have greater consideration for community-based sentences
+Blacks +comprise 12% of national population, but more than 40% of the prison +population
+Retribution +for victums gets increased attention (PEARSON)
+Focus +on being tougher on crime (PEARSON)
+Mandatory +sentencing and increaed drug penalties leads to more prisons being +built, more prisoners, and over crowding (Pearson)
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5 +Conclusion
+Seems +to be the start of a patern. We started with focusing on punishment, +and ended with focusing on punishment. Soon, the focus, if the patter +repeats, will return to focusing on helping criminals.
+Prisons +will become better for inmates
+People +believe that harsh conditions makes for worse people
+Overcrowding +will be a major interest
+Reflects +poorly on the United States to have such a huge percapita prisoner +count
+Drug +crimes will be lessoned (they already have in many states)
+Prison +terms sentanced will remain high. People want prisoners to stay in +prison. Still in the retributive era where we are tough on crime.
++
outro
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+
+
RESOURCES
+http://history.sandiego.edu/gen/soc/prison.html
+PEARSON +BOOK
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