core: survive a failed net-stack rebuild instead of silently dying

The four live-rebuild sites (deferred rebuild on Join/Leave, idle
SetNetworkMode, idle RegenerateIdentity) all did
`net.shutdown().await` then `build_net_stack(...).await?` — a build
failure propagated out of run_core_loop, which its supervisor only
logs. Every subsequent command went nowhere: window alive, app dead,
user told nothing. (The initial startup build already reported.)

New replace_net_stack() helper: tear down the old stack, build for the
requested posture, and on failure fall back to the posture the old
stack was actually running (tracked in the new `net_mode` local; when
the postures are equal the fallback is a plain retry — e.g. identity
regeneration, where reverting the already-persisted key would be
wrong). If the fallback lands, the UI is told the change didn't stick
and `network_mode` reverts so state stays honest and the change stays
re-attemptable. If both builds fail the UI gets a fatal 'Networking
lost … restart' error before the loop exits — informed, not a zombie.

Retry policy isolated in rebuild_with_fallback(), generic over the
builder: 4 new unit tests cover first-try success, fall-back, plain
retry, and double failure without binding sockets.

Fixes finding 2 of the 2026-07-16 full-codebase review.

Co-Authored-By: Claude Fable 5 <noreply@anthropic.com>

.cargo/audit.toml

@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+# cargo-audit configuration. Keep the ignore list in sync with deny.toml,
+# which carries the full justification for each entry.
+[advisories]
+ignore = [
+    # quick-xml DoS advisories: build-time only, reached solely via the
+    # wayland-scanner proc-macro parsing trusted vendored protocol XML.
+    # Fix (0.41.0) is semver-incompatible with wayland-scanner's `^0.39`;
+    # drop once wayland-scanner bumps. See deny.toml.
+    "RUSTSEC-2026-0194",
+    "RUSTSEC-2026-0195",
+]

.gitea/workflows/cargo-deny.yml

@@ -1,34 +0,0 @@
-name: cargo-deny
-
-# Enforce the supply-chain policy in deny.toml (advisories / bans / licenses /
-# sources) on every push to main and every PR. Runs on a *locked* tree so the
-# pinned, vetted versions in Cargo.lock are exactly what get audited — see the
-# deny.toml header and VERSIONING.md. A new poisoned release of a dependency
-# cannot reach CI until Cargo.lock is deliberately updated.
-
-on:
-  push:
-    branches: [main]
-  pull_request:
-
-jobs:
-  cargo-deny:
-    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
-    # rust:1 provides the cargo toolchain that cargo-deny shells out to for
-    # `cargo metadata`. Adjust the runner label if your act_runner uses a
-    # different one.
-    container: rust:1
-    steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v4
-
-      - name: Install cargo-deny (pinned prebuilt)
-        run: |
-          set -euo pipefail
-          version=0.19.9
-          curl -sSfL \
-            "https://github.com/EmbarkStudios/cargo-deny/releases/download/${version}/cargo-deny-${version}-x86_64-unknown-linux-musl.tar.gz" \
-            | tar -xz -C /usr/local/bin --strip-components=1 --wildcards '*/cargo-deny'
-          cargo-deny --version
-
-      - name: cargo deny check
-        run: cargo deny --locked check

.gitea/workflows/ci.yml

@@ -36,7 +36,9 @@ jobs:
         run: cargo test --doc
 
       - name: cargo-deny (advisories, bans, licenses, sources)
-        run: cargo deny check
+        # --locked so the pinned, vetted versions in Cargo.lock are exactly
+        # what get audited (the lockfile-as-review-checkpoint model).
+        run: cargo deny --locked check
 
       - name: cargo-audit
         run: cargo audit

.gitea/workflows/windows-build.yml

@@ -7,11 +7,20 @@ name: windows-build
 # alias) so a Unix-only assumption can't sneak back in and break Windows.
 #
 # RUNNER REQUIREMENT: this needs a Windows act_runner registered with the
-# `windows-latest` label (the Linux `cargo-deny` job's container approach does
+# `windows-latest` label (a Linux-container approach does NOT apply here —
-# NOT apply here — Windows jobs run on the host, not a Linux container). If your
+# Windows jobs run on the host, not a Linux container). If your runner
-# runner advertises a different label, change `runs-on` below. Until a Windows
+# advertises a different label, change `runs-on` below.
-# runner exists this workflow is simply skipped/queued, not a failure of the
+#
-# Linux CI.
+# MANUAL-ONLY until that runner exists: with push/PR triggers enabled, every
+# push queued a run no runner could claim and Gitea auto-cancelled it ~24h
+# later, littering the Actions page with cancelled runs. Restore the push/PR
+# triggers when a Windows runner is registered:
+#
+#   on:
+#     push:
+#       branches: [main, "windows-port-**"]
+#     pull_request:
+#     workflow_dispatch:
 #
 # BUILD-HOST REQUIREMENTS (validated by the opus spike, see
 # peerspeak-windows-opus-spike.md):
@@ -23,12 +32,7 @@ name: windows-build
 # must provide both.
 
 on:
-  push:
+  # Manual runs from the Gitea Actions UI only — see the header comment.
-    # `main` plus the in-progress port branches, so the Windows path is exercised
-    # before merge rather than only after.
-    branches: [main, "windows-port-**"]
-  pull_request:
-  # Allow manual runs from the Gitea Actions UI.
   workflow_dispatch:
 
 permissions:

Cargo.lock

@@ -1207,9 +1207,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "crossbeam-epoch"
-version = "0.9.18"
+version = "0.9.20"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "5b82ac4a3c2ca9c3460964f020e1402edd5753411d7737aa39c3714ad1b5420e"
+checksum = "2d6914041f254d6e9176c01941b21115dcfb7089e55135a35411081bd106ef3f"
 dependencies = [
  "crossbeam-utils",
 ]

deny.toml

@@ -24,6 +24,19 @@ ignore = [
     # audiopus_sys: unmaintained FFI bindings to the stable libopus C library,
     # pulled in via our direct `opus 0.3.1` dep. No drop-in replacement.
     "RUSTSEC-2026-0150",
+    # ttf-parser: unmaintained, transitive via iced/cosmic-text (font parsing
+    # for the GUI). Inputs are system + embedded fonts, not network data. No
+    # upstream migration yet; revisit when iced moves off it.
+    "RUSTSEC-2026-0192",
+    # quick-xml 0.39.4 DoS advisories (quadratic dup-attr check; unbounded
+    # namespace allocation). Build-time only: quick-xml is reached solely via
+    # the wayland-scanner PROC-MACRO, which parses the wayland protocol XML
+    # files vendored inside the wayland-* crates at compile time. Attacker
+    # input never reaches it and it is not in the shipped binary. The fix
+    # (0.41.0) is semver-incompatible with wayland-scanner 0.31.x's `^0.39`
+    # requirement; drop both ignores once wayland-scanner releases a bump.
+    "RUSTSEC-2026-0194",
+    "RUSTSEC-2026-0195",
 ]
 
 # ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

docs/FEATURES.md

@@ -102,6 +102,7 @@ covers internals). When you ship a feature, add it here.
 | iroh QUIC transport | ✅ | |
 | Network mode picker | ✅ | `RelayNoDiscovery` (default), `N0Full`, `DirectOnly`. Takes effect next join. |
 | Retained-address reconnect | ✅ | Dials last-known full addr before falling back to bare id. |
+| Per-peer connection badge (direct/relay + RTT, hover for addr/loss/bitrate) | ✅ | Peer-card badge fed by a 1 Hz poll of the live audio link's selected QUIC path (`connection_stats` → `core::connstats::derive`). Field-verified on a real 2-machine call 2026-07-08. |
 | Reconnect + eviction model | ✅ | Incl. two-outage reconnect-eviction fix + regression test. |
 | Self-hosted relay | ❌ | Decided against — rely on n0 relays, `RelayNoDiscovery` default. |
 

src/app/mod.rs

@@ -869,6 +869,10 @@ pub struct AppState {
     game_override: GameOverrideChoice,
     peers: HashMap<EndpointId, PeerState>,
     audio_levels: HashMap<EndpointId, f32>,
+    /// Latest per-peer connection transparency info (direct/relay, RTT, window
+    /// loss/bitrate), replaced wholesale by each `UiEvent::ConnectionStats`
+    /// (~1/sec). A peer with no entry has no live audio link right now.
+    conn_stats: HashMap<EndpointId, crate::core::connstats::PeerConnInfo>,
     /// Peers we've locally muted (their audio isn't mixed into our output).
     locally_muted: HashSet<EndpointId>,
     /// When we joined the current room, for the in-room call-duration timer.
@@ -1046,6 +1050,7 @@ impl AppState {
         self.music_prefetch_inflight = None;
         self.peers.clear();
         self.audio_levels.clear();
+        self.conn_stats.clear();
         self.locally_muted.clear();
         self.chat_messages.clear();
         self.chat_input.clear();
@@ -1209,6 +1214,7 @@ impl Default for AppState {
             game_override: GameOverrideChoice::Auto,
             peers: HashMap::new(),
             audio_levels: HashMap::new(),
+            conn_stats: HashMap::new(),
             locally_muted: HashSet::new(),
             call_started: None,
             recording: false,
@@ -1686,6 +1692,37 @@ fn pan_label(pan: f32) -> String {
     }
 }
 
+/// Connection badge text on the peer card: path type + RTT ("Direct · 12 ms").
+fn conn_badge_label(info: &crate::core::connstats::PeerConnInfo) -> String {
+    let kind = if info.relay { "Relay" } else { "Direct" };
+    format!("{kind} · {} ms", info.rtt_ms)
+}
+
+/// First tooltip line: path type + remote address ("Direct (1.2.3.4:5)" /
+/// "Relay (https://relay.example./)").
+fn conn_tooltip_path(info: &crate::core::connstats::PeerConnInfo) -> String {
+    let kind = if info.relay { "Relay" } else { "Direct" };
+    format!("{kind} ({})", info.remote_addr)
+}
+
+/// Loss line for the tooltip. `None` (first poll / idle window) reads as clean.
+fn conn_loss_label(loss_pct: Option<f32>) -> String {
+    match loss_pct {
+        Some(pct) => format!("Loss {:.1}% (last second)", pct.clamp(0.0, 100.0)),
+        None => "Loss — (last second)".to_string(),
+    }
+}
+
+/// One direction of the bitrate line ("32 kbps", "1.5 Mbps", or "—" until a
+/// full poll window has elapsed on the current path).
+fn conn_rate_label(kbps: Option<f32>) -> String {
+    match kbps {
+        None => "—".to_string(),
+        Some(k) if k >= 1000.0 => format!("{:.1} Mbps", k / 1000.0),
+        Some(k) => format!("{k:.0} kbps"),
+    }
+}
+
 fn update(state: &mut AppState, message: AppMessage) -> Task<AppMessage> {
     match message {
         AppMessage::NicknameChanged(val) => {
@@ -1934,6 +1971,11 @@ fn update(state: &mut AppState, message: AppMessage) -> Task<AppMessage> {
                         state.audio_levels.insert(id, val);
                     }
                 }
+                UiEvent::ConnectionStats(infos) => {
+                    // Full replacement: a peer missing from this round has no
+                    // live link, so its (stale) badge must go away too.
+                    state.conn_stats = infos.into_iter().collect();
+                }
                 UiEvent::MicLevel(level) => {
                     state.mic_level = level;
                 }
@@ -6192,6 +6234,49 @@ fn view(state: &AppState) -> Element<'_, AppMessage> {
                             name_col = name_col
                                 .push(text(format!("Playing {game}")).size(11).color(color_blue));
                         }
+                        // Connection-transparency badge: path type + RTT, with
+                        // the full story (address, loss, bitrate) on hover.
+                        // Rendered only while the audio link is live — the
+                        // Connecting/Reconnecting indicator covers the rest.
+                        if let Some(info) = state.conn_stats.get(peer_id) {
+                            let dot_color = if info.relay {
+                                color_yellow
+                            } else {
+                                color_green
+                            };
+                            let badge = row![
+                                text("●").size(9).color(dot_color),
+                                text(conn_badge_label(info)).size(11).color(color_subtext),
+                            ]
+                            .spacing(4)
+                            .align_y(iced::alignment::Vertical::Center);
+                            let detail = column![
+                                text(conn_tooltip_path(info)).size(11).color(color_text),
+                                text(conn_loss_label(info.loss_pct))
+                                    .size(11)
+                                    .color(color_subtext),
+                                text(format!(
+                                    "↑ {}   ↓ {}",
+                                    conn_rate_label(info.up_kbps),
+                                    conn_rate_label(info.down_kbps)
+                                ))
+                                .size(11)
+                                .color(color_subtext),
+                            ]
+                            .spacing(2);
+                            name_col = name_col.push(
+                                tooltip(
+                                    badge,
+                                    container(detail).padding(8).style(c_style(
+                                        color_crust,
+                                        color_surface,
+                                        6.0,
+                                    )),
+                                    iced::widget::tooltip::Position::Bottom,
+                                )
+                                .gap(6),
+                            );
+                        }
                         name_col
                     },
                     add_friend_el,
@@ -9100,6 +9185,17 @@ mod tests {
         state.invalid_audio.insert(attachment_id);
         state.connecting.insert(peer);
         state.ever_connected.insert(peer);
+        state.conn_stats.insert(
+            peer,
+            crate::core::connstats::PeerConnInfo {
+                relay: false,
+                remote_addr: "1.2.3.4:5".to_string(),
+                rtt_ms: 12,
+                loss_pct: None,
+                up_kbps: None,
+                down_kbps: None,
+            },
+        );
         state.recording = true;
         state.recording_started = Some(now);
         state.call_started = Some(now);
@@ -9139,6 +9235,7 @@ mod tests {
         assert!(state.invalid_audio.is_empty());
         assert!(state.connecting.is_empty());
         assert!(state.ever_connected.is_empty());
+        assert!(state.conn_stats.is_empty());
         assert!(!state.recording);
         assert!(state.recording_started.is_none());
         assert!(state.call_started.is_none());
@@ -9786,6 +9883,38 @@ mod tests {
         assert!(ch.is_finite() && ch >= CHAT_MIN_H);
     }
 
+    #[test]
+    fn conn_badge_and_tooltip_labels() {
+        use super::{conn_badge_label, conn_loss_label, conn_rate_label, conn_tooltip_path};
+        let direct = crate::core::connstats::PeerConnInfo {
+            relay: false,
+            remote_addr: "192.168.1.7:53340".to_string(),
+            rtt_ms: 12,
+            loss_pct: Some(0.44),
+            up_kbps: Some(32.4),
+            down_kbps: None,
+        };
+        assert_eq!(conn_badge_label(&direct), "Direct · 12 ms");
+        assert_eq!(conn_tooltip_path(&direct), "Direct (192.168.1.7:53340)");
+
+        let relay = crate::core::connstats::PeerConnInfo {
+            relay: true,
+            remote_addr: "https://relay.example./".to_string(),
+            ..direct.clone()
+        };
+        assert_eq!(conn_badge_label(&relay), "Relay · 12 ms");
+        assert_eq!(conn_tooltip_path(&relay), "Relay (https://relay.example./)");
+
+        assert_eq!(conn_loss_label(Some(0.44)), "Loss 0.4% (last second)");
+        // Out-of-range inputs clamp instead of reading nonsense.
+        assert_eq!(conn_loss_label(Some(250.0)), "Loss 100.0% (last second)");
+        assert_eq!(conn_loss_label(None), "Loss — (last second)");
+
+        assert_eq!(conn_rate_label(Some(32.4)), "32 kbps");
+        assert_eq!(conn_rate_label(Some(1500.0)), "1.5 Mbps");
+        assert_eq!(conn_rate_label(None), "—");
+    }
+
     #[test]
     fn controls_and_drawer_width_clamps() {
         use super::{CHAT_MIN_W, CONTROLS_MIN_W, clamp_chat_drawer_width, clamp_controls_width};

src/core/connstats.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,187 @@
+//! Per-peer connection-transparency derivation.
+//!
+//! The transport hands us cumulative counters for each peer's selected QUIC
+//! path ([`PathSnapshot`]); this module turns two consecutive snapshots into
+//! the human-facing [`PeerConnInfo`] the UI renders (badge + tooltip): path
+//! type, RTT, and loss/bitrate over the poll window. Pure functions only —
+//! the polling task in `core::mod` owns the clock and the previous-snapshot
+//! map.
+
+use crate::network::PathSnapshot;
+use std::time::Duration;
+
+/// How often the core polls the transport for path snapshots.
+pub const POLL_INTERVAL: Duration = Duration::from_secs(1);
+
+/// Derived, display-ready connection info for one peer, sent to the UI via
+/// `UiEvent::ConnectionStats`. Window-relative fields are `None` when they
+/// can't be derived yet (first poll, path switch, or an idle window).
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq)]
+pub struct PeerConnInfo {
+    /// True = relayed path, false = direct IP path.
+    pub relay: bool,
+    /// `ip:port` for a direct path, the relay URL for a relayed one.
+    pub remote_addr: String,
+    /// Path round-trip time, rounded to whole milliseconds.
+    pub rtt_ms: u32,
+    /// Percentage of packets sent in the window that were detected lost.
+    pub loss_pct: Option<f32>,
+    /// Outbound bitrate over the window, kilobits per second.
+    pub up_kbps: Option<f32>,
+    /// Inbound bitrate over the window, kilobits per second.
+    pub down_kbps: Option<f32>,
+}
+
+/// Derive display info from the current snapshot and (when comparable) the
+/// previous one. `prev` is comparable only if it's the same path — a relay→
+/// direct migration or a reconnect resets the counters, so those windows
+/// yield `None` rates rather than garbage (negative deltas show up as
+/// `cur < prev` and are treated the same way).
+pub fn derive(prev: Option<&PathSnapshot>, cur: &PathSnapshot, elapsed: Duration) -> PeerConnInfo {
+    let rates = prev
+        .filter(|p| comparable(p, cur))
+        .and_then(|p| window_rates(p, cur, elapsed));
+    PeerConnInfo {
+        relay: cur.is_relay,
+        remote_addr: cur.remote_addr.clone(),
+        rtt_ms: cur.rtt.as_millis().min(u128::from(u32::MAX)) as u32,
+        loss_pct: rates.and_then(|r| r.loss_pct),
+        up_kbps: rates.map(|r| r.up_kbps),
+        down_kbps: rates.map(|r| r.down_kbps),
+    }
+}
+
+/// True when `cur`'s counters continue `prev`'s: same path (address) and
+/// monotonically non-decreasing counters (a reconnect on the same address
+/// restarts them from zero).
+fn comparable(prev: &PathSnapshot, cur: &PathSnapshot) -> bool {
+    prev.remote_addr == cur.remote_addr
+        && cur.tx_bytes >= prev.tx_bytes
+        && cur.rx_bytes >= prev.rx_bytes
+        && cur.tx_datagrams >= prev.tx_datagrams
+        && cur.lost_packets >= prev.lost_packets
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]
+struct WindowRates {
+    loss_pct: Option<f32>,
+    up_kbps: f32,
+    down_kbps: f32,
+}
+
+fn window_rates(prev: &PathSnapshot, cur: &PathSnapshot, elapsed: Duration) -> Option<WindowRates> {
+    let secs = elapsed.as_secs_f64();
+    if secs <= 0.0 {
+        return None;
+    }
+    let sent = cur.tx_datagrams - prev.tx_datagrams;
+    let lost = cur.lost_packets - prev.lost_packets;
+    // Loss detection lags sending (it needs ACK timeouts), so a window can see
+    // more losses than sends; clamp to 100% rather than exceeding it. An idle
+    // window (nothing sent or lost) has no loss story to tell.
+    let loss_pct = if sent == 0 && lost == 0 {
+        None
+    } else {
+        Some(((lost as f64 / (sent.max(lost)) as f64) * 100.0) as f32)
+    };
+    let kbps = |bytes: u64| ((bytes as f64 * 8.0 / 1000.0) / secs) as f32;
+    Some(WindowRates {
+        loss_pct,
+        up_kbps: kbps(cur.tx_bytes - prev.tx_bytes),
+        down_kbps: kbps(cur.rx_bytes - prev.rx_bytes),
+    })
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::*;
+
+    fn snap(addr: &str, tx_b: u64, rx_b: u64, tx_d: u64, lost: u64) -> PathSnapshot {
+        PathSnapshot {
+            is_relay: false,
+            remote_addr: addr.to_string(),
+            rtt: Duration::from_millis(12),
+            tx_bytes: tx_b,
+            rx_bytes: rx_b,
+            tx_datagrams: tx_d,
+            lost_packets: lost,
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn first_poll_has_type_and_rtt_but_no_rates() {
+        let cur = snap("1.2.3.4:5", 1000, 2000, 50, 0);
+        let info = derive(None, &cur, POLL_INTERVAL);
+        assert_eq!(info.rtt_ms, 12);
+        assert!(!info.relay);
+        assert_eq!(info.remote_addr, "1.2.3.4:5");
+        assert_eq!(info.loss_pct, None);
+        assert_eq!(info.up_kbps, None);
+        assert_eq!(info.down_kbps, None);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn steady_window_yields_rates_and_loss() {
+        let prev = snap("1.2.3.4:5", 0, 0, 0, 0);
+        // 1s window: 4000 bytes up (32 kbps), 2000 down (16 kbps), 2 of 100 lost.
+        let cur = snap("1.2.3.4:5", 4000, 2000, 100, 2);
+        let info = derive(Some(&prev), &cur, Duration::from_secs(1));
+        assert_eq!(info.up_kbps, Some(32.0));
+        assert_eq!(info.down_kbps, Some(16.0));
+        assert_eq!(info.loss_pct, Some(2.0));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn idle_window_has_no_loss_story() {
+        let prev = snap("1.2.3.4:5", 4000, 2000, 100, 2);
+        let cur = prev.clone();
+        let info = derive(Some(&prev), &cur, Duration::from_secs(1));
+        assert_eq!(info.loss_pct, None);
+        assert_eq!(info.up_kbps, Some(0.0));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn loss_detected_in_an_idle_window_clamps_to_full() {
+        // Losses can be *detected* after sending stops (ACK timeouts fire late).
+        let prev = snap("1.2.3.4:5", 4000, 2000, 100, 0);
+        let cur = snap("1.2.3.4:5", 4000, 2000, 100, 3);
+        let info = derive(Some(&prev), &cur, Duration::from_secs(1));
+        assert_eq!(info.loss_pct, Some(100.0));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn path_switch_resets_the_window() {
+        let prev = snap("relay.example:443", 9000, 9000, 900, 5);
+        let cur = snap("1.2.3.4:5", 100, 100, 10, 0);
+        let info = derive(Some(&prev), &cur, Duration::from_secs(1));
+        assert_eq!(info.up_kbps, None);
+        assert_eq!(info.loss_pct, None);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn counter_reset_on_same_address_resets_the_window() {
+        // Same address but the connection was rebuilt → counters restarted.
+        let prev = snap("1.2.3.4:5", 9000, 9000, 900, 5);
+        let cur = snap("1.2.3.4:5", 100, 100, 10, 0);
+        let info = derive(Some(&prev), &cur, Duration::from_secs(1));
+        assert_eq!(info.up_kbps, None);
+        assert_eq!(info.loss_pct, None);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn zero_elapsed_yields_no_rates() {
+        let prev = snap("1.2.3.4:5", 0, 0, 0, 0);
+        let cur = snap("1.2.3.4:5", 4000, 2000, 100, 2);
+        let info = derive(Some(&prev), &cur, Duration::ZERO);
+        assert_eq!(info.up_kbps, None);
+        assert_eq!(info.loss_pct, None);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn oversized_rtt_saturates_instead_of_wrapping() {
+        let mut cur = snap("1.2.3.4:5", 0, 0, 0, 0);
+        cur.rtt = Duration::from_secs(u64::MAX);
+        let info = derive(None, &cur, POLL_INTERVAL);
+        assert_eq!(info.rtt_ms, u32::MAX);
+    }
+}

src/core/messages.rs

@@ -401,6 +401,11 @@ pub enum UiEvent {
         id: EndpointId,
     },
     AudioLevels(Vec<(EndpointId, f32)>),
+    /// Periodic per-peer connection transparency snapshot (~1/sec): path type
+    /// (direct/relay), RTT, and window loss/bitrate for every peer with a live
+    /// audio link. A FULL replacement each time — a peer absent from the list
+    /// has no live link right now, so its badge should disappear.
+    ConnectionStats(Vec<(EndpointId, crate::core::connstats::PeerConnInfo)>),
     /// Raw (pre-gate, pre-mute) normalized RMS of the local mic, `0.0..=1.0`,
     /// for the settings level meter. Throttled to ~10/sec.
     MicLevel(f32),

src/core/mod.rs

@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+pub mod connstats;
 pub mod jitter;
 pub mod messages;
 mod recovery;
@@ -652,6 +653,7 @@ struct ActiveSession {
     mixer_task: tokio::task::JoinHandle<()>,
     event_task: tokio::task::JoinHandle<()>,
     conn_event_task: tokio::task::JoinHandle<()>,
+    conn_stats_task: tokio::task::JoinHandle<()>,
     recovery_task: tokio::task::JoinHandle<()>,
     recovery_terminal_task: tokio::task::JoinHandle<()>,
     grace_timers: GraceTimers,
@@ -685,6 +687,7 @@ impl ActiveSession {
         self.mixer_task.abort();
         self.event_task.abort();
         self.conn_event_task.abort();
+        self.conn_stats_task.abort();
         // Abort any pending reconnect grace timers so they can't fire a stray
         // eviction (or touch a torn-down transport) after the session is gone.
         for (_, handle) in self.grace_timers.lock().unwrap().drain() {
@@ -885,6 +888,103 @@ async fn build_net_stack(
     })
 }
 
+/// Retry policy for a live net-stack replacement, generic over the builder so
+/// it is unit-testable without binding sockets: build for `requested`; if that
+/// fails, build for `live` (the posture the old stack was actually running) so
+/// a bad posture change degrades to the previous posture instead of leaving no
+/// stack at all. When `requested == live` the second attempt is a plain retry.
+///
+/// `Ok((stack, mode, primary_err))` — a stack is up on `mode`; `primary_err`
+/// is `Some` when the first attempt failed. `Err((primary, fallback))` — both
+/// attempts failed and networking is gone.
+async fn rebuild_with_fallback<T, E, F, Fut>(
+    mut build: F,
+    requested: NetworkMode,
+    live: NetworkMode,
+) -> Result<(T, NetworkMode, Option<E>), (E, E)>
+where
+    F: FnMut(NetworkMode) -> Fut,
+    Fut: std::future::Future<Output = Result<T, E>>,
+{
+    match build(requested).await {
+        Ok(stack) => Ok((stack, requested, None)),
+        Err(primary) => match build(live).await {
+            Ok(stack) => Ok((stack, live, Some(primary))),
+            Err(fallback) => Err((primary, fallback)),
+        },
+    }
+}
+
+/// Tear down `old` and stand up a replacement stack for `requested_mode`.
+///
+/// A build failure here is rare (only the local socket bind can fail; the
+/// relay handshake is backgrounded), but it used to propagate straight out of
+/// `run_core_loop` with no `UiEvent`, silently killing every future command —
+/// the app looked alive and did nothing. Instead, fall back to `live_mode`
+/// via `rebuild_with_fallback`, tell the UI when the requested change did not
+/// stick, and return the mode the new stack actually runs so the caller can
+/// keep its state honest. `Err` only when both builds fail: networking is
+/// gone (already reported to the UI as fatal) and the caller should exit.
+#[allow(clippy::too_many_arguments)]
+async fn replace_net_stack(
+    old: NetStack,
+    what: &str,
+    secret_key: &SecretKey,
+    requested_mode: NetworkMode,
+    live_mode: NetworkMode,
+    friends_handler: &crate::presence_net::Handler,
+    publish: bool,
+    ui_tx: &mpsc::Sender<UiEvent>,
+) -> Result<(NetStack, NetworkMode), anyhow::Error> {
+    let lookup = old.memory_lookup.clone();
+    old.shutdown().await;
+    let outcome = rebuild_with_fallback(
+        |mode| {
+            build_net_stack(
+                secret_key.clone(),
+                mode,
+                lookup.clone(),
+                friends_handler.clone(),
+                publish,
+            )
+        },
+        requested_mode,
+        live_mode,
+    )
+    .await;
+    match outcome {
+        Ok((stack, mode, None)) => Ok((stack, mode)),
+        Ok((stack, mode, Some(primary))) => {
+            if mode == requested_mode {
+                // Same-posture retry succeeded — everything the user asked for
+                // is in effect, so log it rather than raising a UI error.
+                crate::log_msg(&format!(
+                    "{what}: net stack build failed once ({primary:#}); retry succeeded"
+                ));
+            } else {
+                let _ = ui_tx
+                    .send(UiEvent::Error(format!(
+                        "{what} failed ({primary:#}); staying on the previous \
+                         network mode for this session"
+                    )))
+                    .await;
+            }
+            Ok((stack, mode))
+        }
+        Err((primary, fallback)) => {
+            let _ = ui_tx
+                .send(UiEvent::Error(format!(
+                    "Networking lost: {primary:#} (recovery attempt also failed: \
+                     {fallback:#}). Restart PeerSpeak to reconnect."
+                )))
+                .await;
+            Err(anyhow::anyhow!(
+                "net stack rebuild failed: {primary:#}; fallback: {fallback:#}"
+            ))
+        }
+    }
+}
+
 /// Maximum number of *automatic* chat-attachment fetches in flight at once.
 ///
 /// Auto-fetch (inline image preview) is triggered by an untrusted peer's chat
@@ -1332,6 +1432,10 @@ async fn run_core_loop(
     // rebuilt on the next Leave (or before the next Join), preserving the old
     // "applies on next join" semantics while keeping the endpoint up while idle.
     let mut net_rebuild_pending = false;
+    // The posture the live stack was actually built with. Trails `network_mode`
+    // while a rebuild is pending, and is the fallback posture when a rebuild
+    // fails (see `replace_net_stack`).
+    let mut net_mode = network_mode;
 
     // When Discoverable is on, the instant it auto-reverts to Normal (W7 P6 time-box).
     // `None` = not Discoverable, no pending revert. Set on SetPresenceMode(Discoverable),
@@ -1549,17 +1653,24 @@ async fn run_core_loop(
                 // active, rebuild the persistent stack now — after the old session is
                 // gone, before the new one binds — so this join uses the new posture.
                 if net_rebuild_pending {
-                    let lookup = net.memory_lookup.clone();
-                    net.shutdown().await;
                     let publish = presence_mode.lock().unwrap().publishes_to_discovery();
-                    net = build_net_stack(
+                    let (stack, live) = replace_net_stack(
-                        secret_key.clone(),
+                        net,
+                        "Applying deferred network settings",
+                        &secret_key,
                         network_mode,
-                        lookup,
+                        net_mode,
-                        friends_handler.clone(),
+                        &friends_handler,
                         publish,
+                        &ui_tx,
                     )
                     .await?;
+                    net = stack;
+                    net_mode = live;
+                    // If the new posture failed and we fell back, keep the mode
+                    // state honest (and re-attemptable) rather than pretending
+                    // the change applied. The join proceeds on the live stack.
+                    network_mode = live;
                     net_rebuild_pending = false;
                 }
 
@@ -2485,6 +2596,40 @@ async fn run_core_loop(
                     }
                 });
 
+                // Connection-transparency poll: ~1/sec, snapshot every live audio
+                // link's selected path and hand the UI derived badge info (path
+                // type, RTT, window loss/bitrate). Read-only against the
+                // transport; owns the previous-snapshot map the derivation diffs
+                // against.
+                let transport_stats = transport.clone();
+                let ui_tx_stats = ui_tx.clone();
+                let conn_stats_task = tokio::spawn(async move {
+                    let mut prev: HashMap<EndpointId, crate::network::PathSnapshot> =
+                        HashMap::new();
+                    let mut last = tokio::time::Instant::now();
+                    let mut ticker = tokio::time::interval(connstats::POLL_INTERVAL);
+                    ticker.set_missed_tick_behavior(tokio::time::MissedTickBehavior::Delay);
+                    loop {
+                        ticker.tick().await;
+                        let now = tokio::time::Instant::now();
+                        let elapsed = now - last;
+                        last = now;
+                        let snaps = transport_stats.connection_stats();
+                        let infos = snaps
+                            .iter()
+                            .map(|(id, cur)| (*id, connstats::derive(prev.get(id), cur, elapsed)))
+                            .collect();
+                        prev = snaps.into_iter().collect();
+                        if ui_tx_stats
+                            .send(UiEvent::ConnectionStats(infos))
+                            .await
+                            .is_err()
+                        {
+                            break;
+                        }
+                    }
+                });
+
                 let session = ActiveSession {
                     room_state: room_state.clone(),
                     capture_thread,
@@ -2492,6 +2637,7 @@ async fn run_core_loop(
                     mixer_task,
                     event_task,
                     conn_event_task,
+                    conn_stats_task,
                     recovery_task,
                     recovery_terminal_task,
                     grace_timers,
@@ -2556,17 +2702,21 @@ async fn run_core_loop(
                 // Apply any network-mode / identity change that was deferred while we
                 // were in the call (rebuild while idle keeps the endpoint reachable).
                 if net_rebuild_pending {
-                    let lookup = net.memory_lookup.clone();
-                    net.shutdown().await;
                     let publish = presence_mode.lock().unwrap().publishes_to_discovery();
-                    net = build_net_stack(
+                    let (stack, live) = replace_net_stack(
-                        secret_key.clone(),
+                        net,
+                        "Applying deferred network settings",
+                        &secret_key,
                         network_mode,
-                        lookup,
+                        net_mode,
-                        friends_handler.clone(),
+                        &friends_handler,
                         publish,
+                        &ui_tx,
                     )
                     .await?;
+                    net = stack;
+                    net_mode = live;
+                    network_mode = live;
                     net_rebuild_pending = false;
                 }
             }
@@ -2712,17 +2862,21 @@ async fn run_core_loop(
                     // idle; if a call is active, defer to the next Leave/Join so the
                     // live call isn't disrupted (preserves "applies on next join").
                     if active_session.is_none() {
-                        let lookup = net.memory_lookup.clone();
-                        net.shutdown().await;
                         let publish = presence_mode.lock().unwrap().publishes_to_discovery();
-                        net = build_net_stack(
+                        let (stack, live) = replace_net_stack(
-                            secret_key.clone(),
+                            net,
+                            "Network mode change",
+                            &secret_key,
                             network_mode,
-                            lookup,
+                            net_mode,
-                            friends_handler.clone(),
+                            &friends_handler,
                             publish,
+                            &ui_tx,
                         )
                         .await?;
+                        net = stack;
+                        net_mode = live;
+                        network_mode = live;
                     } else {
                         net_rebuild_pending = true;
                     }
@@ -2760,17 +2914,22 @@ async fn run_core_loop(
                 // key unchanged, so a rebuild would be pointless churn).
                 if regenerated {
                     if active_session.is_none() {
-                        let lookup = net.memory_lookup.clone();
-                        net.shutdown().await;
                         let publish = presence_mode.lock().unwrap().publishes_to_discovery();
-                        net = build_net_stack(
+                        // Same mode both attempts — the fallback is a plain
-                            secret_key.clone(),
+                        // retry under the (already persisted) new key.
+                        let (stack, live) = replace_net_stack(
+                            net,
+                            "Endpoint restart after identity change",
+                            &secret_key,
                             network_mode,
-                            lookup,
+                            net_mode,
-                            friends_handler.clone(),
+                            &friends_handler,
                             publish,
+                            &ui_tx,
                         )
                         .await?;
+                        net = stack;
+                        net_mode = live;
                     } else {
                         net_rebuild_pending = true;
                     }
@@ -3284,10 +3443,10 @@ fn replace_viewer_index<T>(viewers: &[(String, T)], ticket: &str) -> Option<usiz
 mod tests {
     use super::{
         KnownPeers, MAX_OPUS_PAYLOAD, MAX_RETAINED_PEERS, MIC_LEVEL_REPORT_SAMPLES, MicLevelMeter,
-        PLAYBACK_HANDOFF_QUEUE_FRAMES, PeerSpeakTicket, admit_retained, apply_peer_volume,
+        NetworkMode, PLAYBACK_HANDOFF_QUEUE_FRAMES, PeerSpeakTicket, admit_retained,
-        apply_volume, audio_datagram_len_ok, coalesce_insert, coalesce_pop, frame_level,
+        apply_peer_volume, apply_volume, audio_datagram_len_ok, coalesce_insert, coalesce_pop,
-        mix_frames, mix_stereo_frames, next_game_change, replace_viewer_index, send_playback_frame,
+        frame_level, mix_frames, mix_stereo_frames, next_game_change, rebuild_with_fallback,
-        should_auto_fetch, stereo_to_mono,
+        replace_viewer_index, send_playback_frame, should_auto_fetch, stereo_to_mono,
     };
     use crate::core::messages::{CoalesceKey, CoreCommand, coalesce_key};
     use std::collections::{HashMap, HashSet};
@@ -3311,6 +3470,101 @@ mod tests {
         assert_eq!(replace_viewer_index::<u8>(&[], "ticket-A"), None);
     }
 
+    // --- rebuild_with_fallback: the retry policy behind replace_net_stack ---
+    // The builder is injected, so these cover the policy without sockets. The
+    // closure does its bookkeeping synchronously and returns a ready future.
+
+    #[tokio::test]
+    async fn rebuild_keeps_requested_posture_on_first_success() {
+        let calls = std::cell::RefCell::new(Vec::new());
+        let out = rebuild_with_fallback(
+            |mode| {
+                calls.borrow_mut().push(mode);
+                std::future::ready(Ok::<u8, String>(7))
+            },
+            NetworkMode::DirectOnly,
+            NetworkMode::N0Full,
+        )
+        .await;
+        assert_eq!(out, Ok((7, NetworkMode::DirectOnly, None)));
+        // No second build: the live posture is only a fallback.
+        assert_eq!(*calls.borrow(), vec![NetworkMode::DirectOnly]);
+    }
+
+    #[tokio::test]
+    async fn rebuild_falls_back_to_the_live_posture_when_the_requested_one_fails() {
+        let calls = std::cell::RefCell::new(Vec::new());
+        let out = rebuild_with_fallback(
+            |mode| {
+                calls.borrow_mut().push(mode);
+                std::future::ready(if mode == NetworkMode::DirectOnly {
+                    Err("bind failed".to_string())
+                } else {
+                    Ok(7u8)
+                })
+            },
+            NetworkMode::DirectOnly,
+            NetworkMode::N0Full,
+        )
+        .await;
+        // A stack is up on the OLD posture and the caller learns both that it
+        // fell back (mode) and why (the primary error) — no silent zombie.
+        assert_eq!(
+            out,
+            Ok((7, NetworkMode::N0Full, Some("bind failed".to_string())))
+        );
+        assert_eq!(
+            *calls.borrow(),
+            vec![NetworkMode::DirectOnly, NetworkMode::N0Full]
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[tokio::test]
+    async fn rebuild_reports_both_errors_when_networking_is_gone() {
+        let out = rebuild_with_fallback(
+            |_| std::future::ready(Err::<u8, String>("bind failed".to_string())),
+            NetworkMode::DirectOnly,
+            NetworkMode::N0Full,
+        )
+        .await;
+        assert_eq!(
+            out,
+            Err(("bind failed".to_string(), "bind failed".to_string()))
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[tokio::test]
+    async fn rebuild_with_equal_postures_is_a_plain_retry() {
+        // RegenerateIdentity rebuilds under the same mode: the fallback is a
+        // second attempt with identical parameters, not a posture change.
+        let calls = std::cell::Cell::new(0u8);
+        let out = rebuild_with_fallback(
+            |mode| {
+                calls.set(calls.get() + 1);
+                assert_eq!(mode, NetworkMode::RelayNoDiscovery);
+                std::future::ready(if calls.get() == 1 {
+                    Err("transient".to_string())
+                } else {
+                    Ok(7u8)
+                })
+            },
+            NetworkMode::RelayNoDiscovery,
+            NetworkMode::RelayNoDiscovery,
+        )
+        .await;
+        // Succeeded on the requested posture, so the caller treats the change
+        // as applied (the Some(err) is logged, not surfaced as a UI error).
+        assert_eq!(
+            out,
+            Ok((
+                7,
+                NetworkMode::RelayNoDiscovery,
+                Some("transient".to_string())
+            ))
+        );
+        assert_eq!(calls.get(), 2);
+    }
+
     #[test]
     fn admit_retained_rejects_only_new_ids_at_the_cap() {
         // Below the cap, a brand-new identity is retained.

src/network/iroh_impl.rs

@@ -689,6 +689,57 @@ impl IrohTransport {
         Ok(bytes)
     }
 
+    /// Snapshot the selected QUIC path of every live audio connection, for the
+    /// UI's per-peer connection badge (direct/relay, RTT, loss, bitrate).
+    /// Cheap and lock-light: the `live_conns` guard is released before touching
+    /// any connection, and `Connection::paths()` reads shared state without I/O.
+    pub fn connection_stats(&self) -> Vec<(EndpointId, crate::network::PathSnapshot)> {
+        // Clone the connections out so the map lock isn't held while we inspect
+        // paths (a supervisor inserts/removes entries as links come and go).
+        let conns: Vec<(EndpointId, Connection)> = self
+            .shared
+            .live_conns
+            .lock()
+            .unwrap()
+            .iter()
+            .map(|(id, conn)| (*id, conn.clone()))
+            .collect();
+        conns
+            .into_iter()
+            .filter_map(|(id, conn)| {
+                let paths = conn.paths();
+                // The selected path is the one carrying application data. In the
+                // brief window where none is flagged (e.g. mid-migration), fall
+                // back to the first open path rather than dropping the badge.
+                let path = paths
+                    .iter()
+                    .find(|p| p.is_selected())
+                    .or_else(|| paths.iter().next())?;
+                let stats = path.stats();
+                // Per-variant display: `TransportAddr`'s own `Display` prefixes
+                // a scheme ("ip:1.2.3.4:5") that's noise next to the badge's
+                // Direct/Relay label.
+                let remote_addr = match path.remote_addr() {
+                    iroh::TransportAddr::Ip(sock) => sock.to_string(),
+                    iroh::TransportAddr::Relay(url) => url.to_string(),
+                    other => other.to_string(),
+                };
+                Some((
+                    id,
+                    crate::network::PathSnapshot {
+                        is_relay: path.remote_addr().is_relay(),
+                        remote_addr,
+                        rtt: stats.rtt,
+                        tx_bytes: stats.udp_tx.bytes,
+                        rx_bytes: stats.udp_rx.bytes,
+                        tx_datagrams: stats.udp_tx.datagrams,
+                        lost_packets: stats.lost_packets,
+                    },
+                ))
+            })
+            .collect()
+    }
+
     /// Fetch a chat attachment's bytes from its sender over the file plane.
     pub async fn fetch_attachment(
         &self,

src/network/mod.rs

@@ -184,6 +184,32 @@ pub enum ConnEvent {
     Left(EndpointId),
 }
 
+/// Owned snapshot of a peer's *selected* QUIC path (the one currently carrying
+/// application data), taken from the live audio connection for the UI's
+/// connection-transparency badge. Counters are cumulative for the path's
+/// lifetime; rate/loss derivation over a poll window happens in
+/// `core::connstats` (which also detects path switches via `remote_addr`).
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq)]
+pub struct PathSnapshot {
+    /// True when the path runs through a relay server, false for a direct
+    /// (holepunched or local) IP path.
+    pub is_relay: bool,
+    /// The path's remote transport address: `ip:port` for a direct path, the
+    /// relay URL for a relayed one.
+    pub remote_addr: String,
+    /// Current QUIC round-trip-time estimate for the path.
+    pub rtt: std::time::Duration,
+    /// Cumulative bytes sent in UDP datagrams on the path.
+    pub tx_bytes: u64,
+    /// Cumulative bytes received in UDP datagrams on the path.
+    pub rx_bytes: u64,
+    /// Cumulative UDP datagrams sent on the path (the loss denominator: for our
+    /// small voice frames these map ~1:1 to QUIC packets).
+    pub tx_datagrams: u64,
+    /// Cumulative packets detected lost on the path.
+    pub lost_packets: u64,
+}
+
 #[derive(Serialize, Deserialize, Clone, Debug)]
 pub struct PeerSpeakTicket {
     pub host_addr: iroh::EndpointAddr,

src/screenshare/mod.rs

@@ -374,7 +374,11 @@ pub async fn spawn_host(
     // Log the exact argv we hand pixelpass so a field log can confirm which
     // encode/quality flags (e.g. --bitrate) actually reached the host — these
     // are local flags with no ticket/secret, so logging them verbatim is safe.
-    crate::log_msg(&format!("pixelpass host spawn: {} {}", bin.display(), args.join(" ")));
+    crate::log_msg(&format!(
+        "pixelpass host spawn: {} {}",
+        bin.display(),
+        args.join(" ")
+    ));
     let mut child = Command::new(bin)
         .args(&args)
         .stdin(Stdio::null())

src/widget/context_input.rs

@@ -766,7 +766,11 @@ where
                 }
             }
             MenuAction::Paste => {
-                let clip = sanitize_clip(&clipboard.read(clipboard::Kind::Standard).unwrap_or_default());
+                let clip = sanitize_clip(
+                    &clipboard
+                        .read(clipboard::Kind::Standard)
+                        .unwrap_or_default(),
+                );
                 let edit = paste(self.value, start, end, &clip);
 
                 self.publish_paste(edit, shell);

tests/transport_loopback.rs

@@ -244,6 +244,73 @@ async fn loopback_sequenced_audio_reaches_peer_and_decodes() {
     );
 }
 
+/// Connection transparency: over a real loopback link, `connection_stats()`
+/// must report the peer's selected path as direct (relay disabled here), with
+/// an IP remote address and counters that advance while audio flows — and the
+/// `connstats::derive` seam must turn two such snapshots into badge info with
+/// live rates.
+#[tokio::test]
+async fn connection_stats_report_a_direct_path_with_live_counters() {
+    let a = spawn_node().await;
+    let b = spawn_node().await;
+
+    a.lookup.add_endpoint_info(b.endpoint.addr());
+    b.lookup.add_endpoint_info(a.endpoint.addr());
+
+    let a_id = a.endpoint.id();
+    let b_id = b.endpoint.id();
+    a.transport.admit_audio_sender(b_id);
+    b.transport.admit_audio_sender(a_id);
+
+    // Keep B's receive path subscribed like production (drained implicitly).
+    let _b_rx = b.transport.receive_datagrams().await.expect("subscribe B");
+
+    a.transport.connect_peer(b.endpoint.addr()).await;
+    b.transport.connect_peer(a.endpoint.addr()).await;
+    tokio::time::sleep(Duration::from_millis(500)).await;
+
+    let snap = |stats: Vec<(iroh::EndpointId, peerspeak::network::PathSnapshot)>| {
+        stats
+            .into_iter()
+            .find(|(id, _)| *id == b_id)
+            .map(|(_, s)| s)
+            .expect("peer B should appear in A's connection stats")
+    };
+    let s1 = snap(a.transport.connection_stats());
+    assert!(!s1.is_relay, "loopback with relay disabled must be direct");
+    assert!(
+        s1.remote_addr.parse::<std::net::SocketAddr>().is_ok(),
+        "direct path address should be ip:port, got {}",
+        s1.remote_addr
+    );
+
+    // Stream real audio so the path counters move.
+    let mut enc = OpusEncoder::new(48000, Channels::Mono, Application::Voip).unwrap();
+    for seq in 0..25u32 {
+        a.transport.broadcast(packet(&mut enc, seq));
+        tokio::time::sleep(Duration::from_millis(5)).await;
+    }
+
+    let s2 = snap(a.transport.connection_stats());
+    assert!(s2.tx_bytes > s1.tx_bytes, "sent bytes should advance");
+    assert!(
+        s2.tx_datagrams > s1.tx_datagrams,
+        "sent datagrams should advance"
+    );
+
+    // The derivation seam turns the two snapshots into live badge info.
+    let info = peerspeak::core::connstats::derive(Some(&s1), &s2, Duration::from_millis(200));
+    assert!(!info.relay);
+    assert_eq!(info.remote_addr, s2.remote_addr);
+    assert!(info.rtt_ms < 1000, "localhost RTT should be sane");
+    assert!(
+        info.up_kbps
+            .expect("same path + positive window has a rate")
+            > 0.0,
+        "audio was flowing, so the upstream rate must be non-zero"
+    );
+}
+
 /// Read datagrams off a raw connection until `target` arrive or the deadline
 /// passes, asserting each carries the 4-byte sequence header.
 async fn count_audio(conn: &Connection, target: u32, deadline: tokio::time::Instant) -> u32 {