163 lines
9.2 KiB
HTML
163 lines
9.2 KiB
HTML
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<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.0 Transitional//EN">
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<html>
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<head>
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<meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8"/>
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<title></title>
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<meta name="generator" content="LibreOffice 6.0.5.2 (Linux)"/>
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<meta name="created" content="2018-01-05T14:03:39.991112897"/>
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<meta name="changed" content="2018-03-30T14:06:45.310110447"/>
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<style type="text/css">
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@page { margin: 1in }
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p { margin-bottom: 0.1in; line-height: 120% }
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h2.cjk { font-family: "Arial Unicode MS" }
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h2.ctl { font-family: "Arial Unicode MS" }
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a:link { so-language: zxx }
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</style>
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</head>
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<body lang="en-US" dir="ltr">
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<div title="header">
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<p align="left" style="margin-bottom: 0.2in; line-height: 100%">Encoding
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<sdfield type=PAGE subtype=RANDOM format=PAGE>0</sdfield></p>
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</div>
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<p align="center" style="margin-bottom: 0in; line-height: 200%"><br/>
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</p>
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<p align="center" style="margin-bottom: 0in; line-height: 200%"><br/>
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</p>
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<p align="center" style="margin-bottom: 0in; line-height: 200%"><br/>
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</p>
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<p align="center" style="margin-bottom: 0in; line-height: 200%"><br/>
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</p>
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<p align="center" style="margin-bottom: 0in; line-height: 200%"><br/>
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</p>
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<p align="center" style="margin-bottom: 0in; line-height: 200%"><br/>
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</p>
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<p align="center" style="margin-bottom: 0in; line-height: 200%"><br/>
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</p>
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<p align="center" style="margin-bottom: 0in; line-height: 200%"><br/>
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</p>
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<p align="center" style="margin-bottom: 0in; line-height: 200%"><font face="Times New Roman, serif">Encoded
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Memories</font></p>
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<p align="center" style="margin-bottom: 0in; line-height: 200%"><font face="Times New Roman, serif">Joseph
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J. Green</font></p>
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<p align="center" style="margin-bottom: 0in; line-height: 200%"><font face="Times New Roman, serif">Northern
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Arizona University</font></p>
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<p align="center" style="margin-bottom: 0in; line-height: 200%"><br/>
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</p>
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<p align="left" style="margin-bottom: 0in; line-height: 200%; page-break-before: always">
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<font face="Times New Roman, serif"> There are many examples of how
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memories are encoded. Throughout the experience from sensing
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something to storing it to long term memory, information must travel
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through three types of memory. Some of these memories must be
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intentionally encoded in order to do anything with them, or else they
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will be lost. Some memories may be automatically be transferred to
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long term memory, sometimes without the knowledge of the person who
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sensed whatever it was that was remembered.</font></p>
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<p align="left" style="margin-bottom: 0in; line-height: 200%"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"> The
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three types of memory in which sensory information must pass through
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are sensory, short term, also known as working memory, and long term
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memory (Ipfw.edu, n.d.). Sensory information is stored as raw data
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where it is not yet encoded (Ipfw.edu, n.d.; Learning.hccs.edu,
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n.d.). This memory has a very large capacity, but lasts only for a
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very short period of three seconds or less (Ipfw.edu, n.d.). If the
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information wasn’t immediately discarded, it can be passed on to
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short term memory, where it can be worked on (Ipfw.edu, n.d.;
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Learning.hccs.edu, n.d.), or, in some cases, encoded directly to long
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term memory (Evl.uic.edu, n.d.). In short term memory, the capacity
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is much smaller than the sensory memory, but the duration is much
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longer. Instead of a huge capacity, the short term memory can hold
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onto about only 7 chunks of information, and instead of only being
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able to maintain these memories for mere seconds, it can last about
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20-30 seconds (Evl.uic.edu, n.d.) without rehearsal. After moving
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into the long term memory, whether it went there directly from
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sensory, or passed through short term memory first, it can last a
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lifetime (Evl.uic.edu, n.d.). While some of this information may be
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passed onto long term storage intentionally, much of it requires
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intentional, active thought.</font></p>
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<p align="left" style="margin-bottom: 0in; line-height: 200%"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"> When
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we attempt to encode things intentionally to long term memory, it
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must first end up in short term memory where we can work with it.
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Encoding can be defined as, “the active process of putting
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information into memory—a matter of forming cognitive
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representations of information,” (Ipfw.edu, n.d.). Perhaps we sense
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something such as a night light, if we wanted to recognize what it
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is, and work on it in our short term memory, we must first pay
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attention on it. Perhaps we just want to see it’s shape or color,
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if that’s as far as we go, it is likely the memory will be
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forgotten when other stimuli take up the available space in short
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term memory, or if enough time passes. However, perhaps we want to be
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able to recall it later, in that case, we must then try to encode it
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into long term memory. In order to do that, we need to perform some
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sort of rehearsal of the memory until it sticks into long term
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memory. Perhaps it looks like a rock and we attempt to associate it
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with a rock, or think about it until it is remembered. As another
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example, perhaps we want to study for a test. That’s not likely to
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happen automatically. We have to go over the subject matter over and
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over again, and perhaps add retention techniques such as word and
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image association (Learning.hccs.edu, n.d.) in order to remember it.
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Much like the other two examples, trying to remember state capitals
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will require a specific attention and rehearsal in order to commit
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them to long term memory.</font></p>
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<p align="left" style="margin-bottom: 0in; line-height: 200%"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"> While
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it would seem like quite a bit of attention is needed to store long
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term memories, this isn’t always true. For example, what did you
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eat for lunch today? A treat from a vending machine? Did you make an
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effort to remember that? Probably not. Often, memories are formed and
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stored just by the process of a given experience (Learning.hccs.edu,
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n.d.). Think about these very words you are reading right now, are
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you thinking about the definition of the words? Probably not if
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English is your primary language, yet the ideas put forth are clearly
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understood with no conscious effort on the readers part to understand
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it (Learning.hccs.edu, n.d.). Sometimes we even recall memories that
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never touched our short term memory, memories which we paid no
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attention to in the least. Perhaps one day someone sees an odd shape
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on a wall and doesn’t take any conscious notice of it. Later, this
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person sees a shape that was similar to the one (s)he didn’t notice
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earlier, and wonders why it looks familiar (Evl.uic.edu, n.d.).</font></p>
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<p align="left" style="margin-bottom: 0in; line-height: 200%"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"> As
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we can see, there are many things in this world in which we remember
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and encode to long term memory, both intentionally and automatically.
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Intentional memorization of information must pass from sensory memory
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to short term memory where we can finally make an attempt to encode
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it to long term memory. Sometimes this process is automatic, such as
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what we had for lunch, and sometimes information can automatically
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skip the short term memory, and go straight to storage. There are
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many examples of both automatic and manual memory encoding. </font>
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</p>
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<p align="left" style="margin-bottom: 0in; line-height: 200%"><br/>
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</p>
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<h2 class="western" align="left" style="font-variant: normal; letter-spacing: normal; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 200%; page-break-before: always">
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<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman">References</font></font></h2>
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<p style="margin-left: 0.2in; text-indent: -0.2in; margin-bottom: 0.08in; font-variant: normal; letter-spacing: normal; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal">
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<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman">Evl.uic.edu.
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(n.d.). [online] Available at:
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https://www.evl.uic.edu/sugimoto/psych1.html [Accessed 30 Mar. 2018].</font></font></p>
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<p style="margin-left: 0.2in; text-indent: -0.2in; margin-bottom: 0.08in; font-variant: normal; letter-spacing: normal; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal">
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<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman">Ipfw.edu.
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(n.d.). <i>Chapter 6 Memory</i>. [online] Available at:
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https://www.ipfw.edu/dotAsset/786eb264-0dbd-41bb-8f23-adcc753b46b9.pdf
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[Accessed 30 Mar. 2018].</font></font></p>
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<p style="margin-left: 0.2in; text-indent: -0.2in; margin-bottom: 0.08in">
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<font face="Times New Roman"><span style="font-variant: normal"><font color="#000000"><span style="letter-spacing: normal"><span style="font-style: normal"><span style="font-weight: normal">Learning.hccs.edu.
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(n.d.). </span></span></span></font></span><span style="font-variant: normal"><font color="#000000"><span style="letter-spacing: normal"><i><span style="font-weight: normal">07
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Human Memory</span></i></span></font></span><span style="font-variant: normal"><font color="#000000"><span style="letter-spacing: normal"><span style="font-style: normal"><span style="font-weight: normal">.
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[online] Available at:
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http://learning.hccs.edu/faculty/mark.oliver/lectures-for-intro-to-psychology/lecture-for-chapter-seven
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[Accessed 30 Mar. 2018].</span></span></span></font></span></font></p>
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<p align="left" style="margin-bottom: 0in; line-height: 200%"><br/>
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</p>
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<p align="left" style="margin-bottom: 0in; line-height: 200%"><br/>
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</p>
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</body>
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</html>
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